Efeitos agudos do exercício físico no desempenho cognitivo em jovens adultos. Um estudo transversal comparativo
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v72.117030Palavras-chave:
Exercício, limiar anaeróbio, resistência física, adultosResumo
Introdução: O exercício físico pode afetar agudamente o desempenho cognitivo, especialmente as funções executivas, como a atenção seletiva e o controlo inibitório. No entanto, o impacto diferencial entre o exercício anaeróbico e aeróbico em adultos jovens é desconhecido. Objectivo: Comparar os efeitos imediatos de uma sessão de exercício anaeróbio (400 metros) e aeróbio (5000 metros) no desempenho cognitivo.
Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo transversal com 30 jovens adultos fisicamente ativos, alocados a um grupo anaeróbio ou aeróbio. Foram avaliadas variáveis sociodemográficas, antropométricas e de frequência. O desempenho cognitivo foi medido com o Teste de Cores e Palavras de Stroop (SCWT) antes e após o exercício. A frequência cardíaca máxima foi registada durante a intervenção. Foram aplicados testes t e os tamanhos de efeito foram calculados.
Resultados: Não houve diferenças basais significativas entre os grupos. Após o exercício, ambos os grupos aumentaram significativamente a frequência cardíaca e os tempos de resposta no SCWT (p < 0,001). O grupo anaeróbio apresentou maiores aumentos nos tempos de reação e no défice cognitivo, com tamanhos de efeito mais elevados (d = 7,50 a 10,28), indicando um maior défice cognitivo. O grupo aeróbio apresentou aumentos mais moderados e menor comprometimento cognitivo (d = 0,58 a 4,47). A frequência cardíaca pós-exercício foi mais elevada no grupo aeróbio (p < 0,001; d = 1,96).
Conclusão: O exercício anaeróbio intenso provoca um défice cognitivo agudo mais acentuado do que o exercício aeróbio prolongado, apesar de uma menor carga cardiovascular sustentada. Estes resultados podem orientar o planeamento de programas de treino e reabilitação, considerando a função cognitiva pós-exercício.
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