Efeito do treino de resistência na resistência à insulina sem manifestações clínicas de diabetes tipo 2 em homens jordanos
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v70.112731Palavras-chave:
Exercício de resistência, HOMA-IR, excesso de peso, sensibilidade à insulina, glicemiaResumo
Introdução: O treino de resistência tem sido associado à melhoria da sensibilidade à insulina em pessoas com diabetes tipo 2, mas o seu papel em indivíduos não diabéticos com excesso de peso permanece incerto.
O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar se o treino de resistência progressivo reduz a resistência à insulina em homens com excesso de peso e com alto risco de desenvolver diabetes tipo 2. A nossa hipótese é que tal treino melhoraria significativamente os marcadores de sensibilidade à insulina.
Métodos: Treze homens com excesso de peso (com idades compreendidas entre os 30 e os 50 anos, IMC > 25 kg/m², HOMA-IR > 1,9 mg/kg e HbA1c < 5,8%) participaram num programa de treino de resistência supervisionado de 8 semanas (3 sessões por semana). A força foi medida através da repetição máxima de cada exercício. As avaliações pré e pós-formação incluíram a análise da impedância bioelétrica (BIA), insulina em jejum (FIG), glicemia em jejum (GJ), colesterol total, HbA1c e níveis de HOMA-IR.
Resultados: Observou-se um aumento significativo da massa muscular (pré: 35,21 ± 3,18 kg vs. pós: 36,12 ± 2,91 kg, p < 0,001) e uma diminuição da massa gorda (pré: 30,93 ± 1,88 kg vs. pós: 30,17 ± 1,82 kg, p < 0,001). As taxas de resistência à insulina diminuíram significativamente à medida que a sensibilidade à insulina melhorou, com uma diminuição da FBI (pré: 12,16 ± 1,88 μIU/mL vs. pós: 11,64 ± 1,52 μIU/mL, p < 0,05), enquanto a glicemia em jejum (GJ) permaneceu inalterada. Os níveis de HbA1c diminuíram de 5,37 ± 0,31% para 5,10 ± 0,34% (p < 0,001). Os escores HOMA-IR melhoraram significativamente (2,77 ± 0,50 vs. 2,57 ± 0,42, p < 0,001). Conclusão: Em homens jordanos com excesso de peso e com risco de desenvolver diabetes tipo 2, um programa de exercício de resistência administrado três vezes por semana durante oito semanas pode melhorar significativamente a resistência à insulina.
Referências
American Diabetes Association. (2020). 2. Classification and Diagnosis of Diabetes : Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2020. Diabetes Care, 43(Suppl 1), S14 S31. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc20-S002
Boyer, W., Toth, L., Brenton, M., Augé, R., Churilla, J., & Fitzhugh, E. (2023). The role of resistance training in influencing insulin resistance among adults living with obesity/overweight without diabetes : A systematic review and meta-analysis. Obesity Research & Clinical Practice, 17(4), 279 287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orcp.2023.06.002
Bramante, C. T., Lee, C. J., & Gudzune, K. A. (2017). Treatment of Obesity in Patients With Diabetes. Diabetes Spectrum : A Publication of the American Diabetes Association, 30(4), 237 243. https://doi.org/10.2337/ds17-0030
Cannata, F., Vadalà, G., Russo, F., Papalia, R., Napoli, N., & Pozzilli, P. (2020). Beneficial Effects of Physical Activity in Diabetic Patients. Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology, 5(3), 70. https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk5030070
Cefis, M., Marcangeli, V., Hammad, R., Granet, J., Leduc-Gaudet, J.-P., Gaudreau, P., Trumpff, C., Huang, Q., Picard, M., Aubertin-Leheudre, M., Bélanger, M., Robitaille, R., Morais, J. A., & Gouspillou, G. (2025). Impact of physical activity on physical function, mitochondrial energetics, ROS production, and Ca2+ handling across the adult lifespan in men. Cell Reports. Medicine, 6(2), 101968. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xcrm.2025.101968
Church, T. S., Blair, S. N., Cocreham, S., Johannsen, N., Johnson, W., Kramer, K., Mikus, C. R., Myers, V., Nauta, M., Rodarte, R. Q., Sparks, L., Thompson, A., & Earnest, C. P. (2010). Effects of aerobic and resistance training on hemoglobin A1c levels in patients with type 2 diabetes : A randomized controlled trial. JAMA, 304(20), 2253 2262. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2010.1710
Cox, C. E. (2017). Role of Physical Activity for Weight Loss and Weight Maintenance. Diabetes Spectrum : A Publication of the American Diabetes Association, 30(3), 157 160. https://doi.org/10.2337/ds17-0013
Deschenes, M. R., & Kraemer, W. J. (2002). Performance and physiologic adaptations to resistance training. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, 81(11 Suppl), S3-16. https://doi.org/10.1097/00002060-200211001-00003
Ghalavand, A., Shakeriyan, S., Monazamnezhad, A., & Delaramnasab, M. (2014). The Effect of Resistance Training on Cardio-Metabolic Factors in Males with Type 2 Diabetes. Jundishapur Journal of Chronic Disease Care, 3(4), Article 4. https://doi.org/10.17795/jjcdc-23346
Goodpaster, B. H., Theriault, R., Watkins, S. C., & Kelley, D. E. (2000). Intramuscular lipid content is increased in obesity and decreased by weight loss. Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental, 49(4), 467 472. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0026-0495(00)80010-4
Gordon, B. A., Benson, A. C., Bird, S. R., & Fraser, S. F. (2009). Resistance training improves metabolic health in type 2 diabetes : A systematic review. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 83(2), 157 175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2008.11.024
Guilherme, A., Virbasius, J. V., Puri, V., & Czech, M. P. (2008). Adipocyte dysfunctions linking obesity to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Nature reviews. Molecular cell biology, 9(5), 367 377. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrm2391
Hawley, J. A., Hargreaves, M., Joyner, M. J., & Zierath, J. R. (2014). Integrative biology of exercise. Cell, 159(4), 738 749. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2014.10.029
Holman, R. (2007). Metformin as first choice in oral diabetes treatment : The UKPDS experience. Journees Annuelles De Diabetologie De l’Hotel-Dieu, 13 20.
Jansson, A. K., Chan, L. X., Lubans, D. R., Duncan, M. J., & Plotnikoff, R. C. (2022). Effect of resistance training on HbA1c in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus and the moderating effect of changes in muscular strength : A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care, 10(2), e002595. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjdrc-2021-002595
Katz, A. (2019). Brief periods of resistance training enhance insulin sensitivity in humans. Experimental Physiology, 104(4), 458 459. https://doi.org/10.1113/EP087607
Lewis, C. T. A., Moreno-Justicia, R., Savoure, L., Calvo, E., Bak, A., Laitila, J., Seaborne, R. A. E., Larsen, S., Iwamoto, H., Cefis, M., Morais, J. A., Gouspillou, G., Alegre-Cebollada, J., Hawke, T. J., Vazquez, J., Adrover, M., Marcangeli, V., Hammad, R., Granet, J., … Ochala, J. (2025). Dysregulated skeletal muscle myosin super-relaxation and energetics in male participants with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-025-06436-0
Lopez, P., Radaelli, R., Taaffe, D. R., Galvão, D. A., Newton, R. U., Nonemacher, E. R., Wendt, V. M., Bassanesi, R. N., Turella, D. J. P., & Rech, A. (2022). Moderators of Resistance Training Effects in Overweight and Obese Adults : A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 54(11), 1804 1816. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000002984
Makki, K., Froguel, P., & Wolowczuk, I. (2013). Adipose Tissue in Obesity-Related Inflammation and Insulin Resistance : Cells, Cytokines, and Chemokines. ISRN Inflammation, 2013, 139239. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/139239
Merz, K. E., & Thurmond, D. C. (2020). Role of Skeletal Muscle in Insulin Resistance and Glucose Uptake. Comprehensive Physiology, 10(3), 785 809. https://doi.org/10.1002/cphy.c190029
Mlinar, B., Marc, J., Janez, A., & Pfeifer, M. (2007). Molecular mechanisms of insulin resistance and associated diseases. Clinica Chimica Acta; International Journal of Clinical Chemistry, 375(1 2), 20 35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cca.2006.07.005
Moradi F. (2015). Effect of resistance training on serum level of resistin and insulin resistance indices in underweight inactive men. Journal of Gorgan University of Medical Sciences, 17(4), 21 29.
Murlasits, Z., Reed, J., & Wells, K. (2012). Effect of resistance training frequency on physiological adaptations in older adults. Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness, 10(1), 28 32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesf.2012.04.006
Nazari, M., Gholamrezaei, S., & Shabani, R. (2016). Effect of a Period Circuit Resistance Training on Components of the Metabolic Syndrome in Females with Type II Diabetes. Iranian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism, 17(5), 362 370.
Otto Buczkowska, E., & Dworzecki, T. (2003). [The role of skeletal muscle in the regulation of glucose homeostasis]. Endokrynologia, Diabetologia I Choroby Przemiany Materii Wieku Rozwojowego: Organ Polskiego Towarzystwa Endokrynologow Dzieciecych, 9(2), 93 97.
Park, S. S., & Seo, Y.-K. (2020). Excess Accumulation of Lipid Impairs Insulin Sensitivity in Skeletal Muscle. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21(6), 1949. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21061949
Pedersen, B. K., & Saltin, B. (2015). Exercise as medicine—Evidence for prescribing exercise as therapy in 26 different chronic diseases. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 25 Suppl 3, 1 72. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12581
Plotnikoff, R. C., Lippke, S., Courneya, K., Birkett, N., & Sigal, R. (2010). Physical activity and diabetes : An application of the theory of planned behaviour to explain physical activity for Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes in an adult population sample. Psychology & Health, 25(1), 7 23. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870440802160984
Prado, C. M. M., Wells, J. C. K., Smith, S. R., Stephan, B. C. M., & Siervo, M. (2012). Sarcopenic obesity : A Critical appraisal of the current evidence. Clinical Nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland), 31(5), 583 601. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2012.06.010
Ratajczak, M., Krzywicka, M., Szulińska, M., Musiałowska, D., Kusy, K., & Karolkiewicz, J. (2024). Effects of 12-Week Combined Strength and Endurance Circuit Training Program on Insulin Sensitivity and Retinol-Binding Protein 4 in Women with Insulin-Resistance and Overweight or Mild Obesity : A Randomized Controlled Trial. Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity, 17, 93 106. https://doi.org/10.2147/DMSO.S432954
Reaven, G. M. (2005). The insulin resistance syndrome : Definition and dietary approaches to treatment. Annual Review of Nutrition, 25, 391 406. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nutr.24.012003.132155
Ross, R., Hudson, R., Stotz, P. J., & Lam, M. (2015). Effects of exercise amount and intensity on abdominal obesity and glucose tolerance in obese adults : A randomized trial. Annals of Internal Medicine, 162(5), 325 334. https://doi.org/10.7326/M14-1189
Ryan, A. S., Hurlbut, D. E., Lott, M. E., Ivey, F. M., Fleg, J., Hurley, B. F., & Goldberg, A. P. (2001). Insulin action after resistive training in insulin resistant older men and women. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 49(3), 247 253. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1532-5415.2001.4930247.x
Sears, B., & Perry, M. (2015). The role of fatty acids in insulin resistance. Lipids in Health and Disease, 14, 121. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12944-015-0123-1
Selvin, E., Marinopoulos, S., Berkenblit, G., Rami, T., Brancati, F. L., Powe, N. R., & Golden, S. H. (2004). Meta-analysis : Glycosylated hemoglobin and cardiovascular disease in diabetes mellitus. Annals of Internal Medicine, 141(6), 421 431. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-141-6-200409210-00007
Strasser, B., & Pesta, D. (2013). Resistance training for diabetes prevention and therapy : Experimental findings and molecular mechanisms. BioMed Research International, 2013, 805217. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/805217
Syeda, U. S. A., Battillo, D., Visaria, A., & Malin, S. K. (2023). The importance of exercise for glycemic control in type 2 diabetes. American Journal of Medicine Open, 9, 100031. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajmo.2023.100031
van der Heijden, G.-J., Wang, Z. J., Chu, Z., Toffolo, G., Manesso, E., Sauer, P. J. J., & Sunehag, A. L. (2010). Strength Exercise Improves Muscle Mass and Hepatic Insulin Sensitivity in Obese Youth. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 42(11), 1973 1980. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181df16d9
Venkatasamy, V. V., Pericherla, S., Manthuruthil, S., Mishra, S., & Hanno, R. (2013). Effect of Physical activity on Insulin Resistance, Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Diabetes Mellitus. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research : JCDR, 7(8), 1764 1766. https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2013/6518.3306
Vincent, A. E., Grady, J. P., Rocha, M. C., Alston, C. L., Rygiel, K. A., Barresi, R., Taylor, R. W., & Turnbull, D. M. (2016). Mitochondrial dysfunction in myofibrillar myopathy. Neuromuscular Disorders: NMD, 26(10), 691 701. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nmd.2016.08.004
Warner, S. O., Linden, M. A., Liu, Y., Harvey, B. R., Thyfault, J. P., Whaley-Connell, A. T., Chockalingam, A., Hinton, P. S., Dellsperger, K. C., & Thomas, T. R. (2010). The Effects of Resistance Training on Metabolic Health With Weight Regain. The Journal of Clinical Hypertension, 12(1), 64 72. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-7176.2009.00209.x
Westcott, W. L. (2012). Resistance training is medicine : Effects of strength training on health. Current Sports Medicine Reports, 11(4), 209 216. https://doi.org/10.1249/JSR.0b013e31825dabb8
Wondmkun, Y. T. (2020). Obesity, Insulin Resistance, and Type 2 Diabetes : Associations and Therapeutic Implications. Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and Therapy, 13, 3611 3616. https://doi.org/10.2147/DMSO.S275898
Wu, Y., Ding, Y., Tanaka, Y., & Zhang, W. (2014). Risk Factors Contributing to Type 2 Diabetes and Recent Advances in the Treatment and Prevention. International Journal of Medical Sciences, 11(11), 1185 1200. https://doi.org/10.7150/ijms.10001
Yalcin, H., Toprak, B., & Colak, A. (2017). The independent relationship between hemoglobin A1c and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance in non-diabetic subjects. Turkish Journal of Biochemistry, 42(1), 31 36. https://doi.org/10.1515/tjb-2016-0256
Yardley, J. E., Kenny, G. P., Perkins, B. A., Riddell, M. C., Balaa, N., Malcolm, J., Boulay, P., Khandwala, F., & Sigal, R. J. (2013). Resistance Versus Aerobic Exercise. Diabetes Care, 36(3), 537 542. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc12-0963
Zhang, Y., Hu, G., Yuan, Z., & Chen, L. (2012). Glycosylated hemoglobin in relationship to cardiovascular outcomes and death in patients with type 2 diabetes : A systematic review and meta-analysis. PloS One, 7(8), e42551. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0042551
Downloads
Publicado
Edição
Secção
Licença
Direitos de Autor (c) 2025 Hatem A Shlool, Saleh Hammad, Abdelhafez Alnawayseh, Mohammed A Mbaydeen, Musallam N Alrosan, Muath Altarawneh, Haidar Djemai
Este trabalho encontra-se publicado com a Licença Internacional Creative Commons Atribuição-NãoComercial-SemDerivações 4.0.
Autores que publicam nesta revista concordam com os seguintes termos:
- Autores mantém os direitos autorais e assegurar a revista o direito de ser a primeira publicação da obra como licenciado sob a Licença Creative Commons Attribution que permite que outros para compartilhar o trabalho com o crédito de autoria do trabalho e publicação inicial nesta revista.
- Os autores podem estabelecer acordos adicionais separados para a distribuição não-exclusiva da versão do trabalho publicado na revista (por exemplo, a um repositório institucional, ou publicá-lo em um livro), com reconhecimento de autoria e publicação inicial nesta revista.
- É permitido e os autores são incentivados a divulgar o seu trabalho por via electrónica (por exemplo, em repositórios institucionais ou no seu próprio site), antes e durante o processo de envio, pois pode gerar alterações produtivas, bem como a uma intimação mais Cedo e mais do trabalho publicado (Veja O Efeito do Acesso Livre) (em Inglês).
Esta revista é a "política de acesso aberto" de Boai (1), apoiando os direitos dos usuários de "ler, baixar, copiar, distribuir, imprimir, pesquisar, ou link para os textos completos dos artigos". (1) http://legacy.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/boaifaq.htm#openaccess
