Efecto del ejercicio interválico al aire libre en la presión arterial de 24 horas en adultos mayores: estudio piloto
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v71.117303Palabras clave:
Entrenamiento en intervalos de alta intensidad, envejecimiento , rigidez arterial, enfermedad cardiovascularResumen
Introducción: El entrenamiento interválico de alta intensidad (HIIT) puede reducir significativamente la presión arterial en adultos mayores con hipertensión. No obstante, la evidencia sobre su aplicación en modelos de bajo costo, factibles y escalables en contextos cotidianos, aún es limitada. Objetivo: Evaluar la viabilidad y los efectos preliminares de un programa de HIIT al aire libre, guiado por la percepción del esfuerzo, sobre la presión arterial ambulatoria de 24 horas en adultos mayores con hipertensión, con el fin de aportar evidencia para futuros ensayos clínicos a mayor escala.
Métodos: Treinta y un participantes (66±4 años; duración de la hipertensión: 14±9 años) fueron asignados aleatoriamente a un grupo de ejercicio (n=18) o a un grupo control (n=13) durante seis semanas. El grupo de ejercicio realizó tres sesiones semanales, progresando de cuatro a ocho intervalos de 1 minuto a una percepción de esfuerzo de 7–8, con recuperación activa a 3–4. Se monitorizaron frecuencia cardíaca y respuesta afectiva. El grupo control asistió a sesiones semanales de educación en salud.
Resultados: La viabilidad se confirmó mediante consentimiento (18,6%), retención (83,3%), adherencia (89%) y una tasa moderada de eventos adversos (11,1%). Los participantes entrenaron a intensidades >75% de la reserva de frecuencia cardíaca y >85% de la frecuencia máxima, con evaluaciones afectivas positivas. El grupo HIIT mostró reducciones en la presión arterial sistólica (-3 mmHg), diastólica (-2 mmHg) y sistólica nocturna (-5 mmHg) (p<0,05). También se observaron descensos en la presión diastólica nocturna (-3 mmHg) y en el índice de aumento (-5,6%), aunque sin significación estadística.
Conclusión: El HIIT al aire libre basado en la percepción del esfuerzo resulta factible y puede generar reducciones clínicamente relevantes en la presión arterial ambulatoria de adultos mayores con hipertensión.
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Derechos de autor 2025 Maria Beatriz F. Araújo, Francisco Dalton-Alves, Bruno Erick B. Lucena, Gabriel C. Souto, Daniele Samara D. Lopes, Carla B. T. Oliveira, Virna L. Sousa, Lucas Cavalcanti, Ludmila L. P. Cabral, Fernando Ribeiro, Rodrigo A. V. Browne, Eduardo Caldas Costa
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