Prosociality and perception of Physical Education in Primary School students: reflective diaries. Intergenerational service-learning

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v71.116938

Keywords:

Empathy, sociability, respect, aging, physical activity

Abstract

Introduction: it’s becoming more important to understand population aging and to promote a positive view of old age, starting from early education.

Objective: to explore prosocial skills and how primary school students perceive physical education (PE) classes.

Methodology: a total of 40 final-year primary students took part in a 10-week service-learning (SL) project with older adults at a day center. The research followed a qualitative approach, and the main tool used to gather information was a reflective journal.

Results: several prosocial traits seem to have been activated through the project, especially empathy, sociability, and respect. However, the clearest impact was seen in how students developed a more positive view of PE classes.

Discussion: similar to other studies, this type of educational experience—working closely with older adults—can help change how students see PE. The hands-on, meaningful nature of the SL approach plays a key role in this shift.

Conclusions: reflecting on an intergenerational SL experience is a useful way to understand how primary students feel about their PE classes and what they take away from them.

References

Adank, A. M., Van Kann, D. H. H., Borghouts, L. B., Kremers, S. P. J., & Vos, S. B. (2024). That’s what I like! Fostering enjoyment in primary physical education. European Physical Education Review, 30(2), 283–301. https://doi.org/10.1177/1356336X231205686

Badenes-Ribera, L., Duro-García, C., López-Ibáñez, C., Martí-Vilar, M., & Sánchez-Meca, J. (2023). The Adult Prosocialness Behavior Scale: A reliability generalization meta-analysis. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 47(1), 59–71. https://doi.org/10.1177/01650254221128280

Bayón-Rodríguez, L., González-Mayorga, H., & Vieira, M.-J. (2025). La convivencia escolar en la forma-ción inicial del profesorado de educación primaria. Revista Complutense de Educación, 36(2), 151–161.

Bert, F., Camussi, E., Gualano, M. R., Siliquini, R., Thomas, R., & Voglino, G. (2018). The impact of inter-generational programs on children and older adults: A review. International Psychogeriatrics, 30(4), 451–468. https://doi.org/10.1017/S104161021700182X

Blanco, E.; García-Martín, J. (2021). The impact of service-learning (SL) on various psychoeducational variables of university students: Civic attitudes, critical thinking, group work skills, empathy and self-concept. A systematic review. Revista Complutense de Educación, 32, 639–649. https://doi.org/10.5209/rced.70939

Calvo Varela, D., Losada, S., Eugenio, J., & Fernández, R. (2019). Aprendizaje-Servicio e inclusión en educación primaria. Una visión desde la Educación Física. Revisión sistemática. Retos, 36, 611–617. https://doi.org/10.47197/RETOS.V36I36.68972

Capella-Peris, C., Gil-Gómez, J., & Chiva-Bartoll, O. (2020). Innovative analysis of service-learning ef-fects in physical education: a mixed methods approach. Journal of Teaching and Physical. Edu-cation, 39, 102–110. doi: 10.1123/jtpe.2019-0030

Caprara, G. V., Steca, P., Zelli, A., & Capanna, C. (2006). A new scale for measuring adults’ prosocialness. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 21(2), 77–89. https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759.21.2.77

Castillo Bustos, M. R. (2019). Breve análisis del diseño teórico de la investigación cualitativa en la cons-trucción del conocimiento científico. Revista Científica Retos de la Ciencia, 3(6), 1–9. https://retosdelacienciaec.com/Revistas/index.php/retos/article/view/261

Chiva-Bartoll, O., Moliner, M. L., & Salvador-García, C. (2020) Can service-learning promote social well-being in primary education students? A mixed method approach. Children and Youth Services Review, 111, 104841

Chiva-Bartoll, O., Montero, P. J. R., Capella-Peris, C., & Salvador-García, C. (2020). Effects of service learning on physical education teacher education students’ subjective happiness, prosocial be-havior, and professional learning. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 517601. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00331

Chiva-Bartoll, O., Ruiz-Montero, P. J., Leiva Olivencia, J. J., & Gronlund, H. (2021). Los efectos del aprendizaje-servicio en la formación del profesorado de educación física: Un estudio de caso en la frontera entre África y Europa. Revista Europea de Educación Física, 27(4), 1014–1031. https://doi.org/10.1177/1356336X211007156

Coelho, M., & Menezes, I. (2021). University social responsibility, service learning, and students’ per-sonal, professional, and civic education. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 617300. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.617300

Cuff, B. M. P., Brown, S. J., Taylor, L., & Howat, D. J. (2014). Empathy: A Review of the Concept. Emotion Review, 8(2), 144-153. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073914558466

De Oliveira, L. D. S., Ferreira, J. V. A., & Gobbi, S. (2023). Effects of supervised multicomponent physical exercise on social interaction and physical function in older adults: a randomized controlled trial. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 110, 104944. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2023.104944

Deeley, S. J. (2022). Writing a critical reflective journal. En S. J. Deeley (Ed.), Assessment and Service-Learning in Higher Education (pp. 57–85). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-94440-7_3

Drewery, M. L., & Lollar, J. (2024). Undergraduates’ perceptions of the value of service-learning. Fron-tiers in Education, 9, 1330456. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2024.1330456

Fernández Tijero, M.ª C., & Mulè, P. (2019). La formación del profesorado en la escuela europea: el compromiso de la pedagogía y la enseñanza. Tabanque: Revista Pedagógica, 32, 1–5.

Flick, U. (2014). Quality management in qualitative research. Ediciones Morata.

Gómez-López, M., Ballester del Cerro, J. A., Manzano-Sánchez, D., & Granero-Gallegos, A. (2025). Moti-vación e inteligencia emocional en las clases de educación física de secundaria. Revista Com-plutense de Educación, 36(1), 83-92.

Gregorová, A. B., Heinzová, Z., Singh, S. S., Laven, R., Vamos, M., Arco-Tirado, J. L., Fernández-Martín, F. D., Gleeson, T., & Ryan, P. (2024). The impact of service-learning on secondary school students’ social and civic competencies, and engagement and motivation in school – perspectives from Europe. International Journal of Research on Service-Learning and Community Engagement, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.37333/001C.127553

Guerra-Marmolejo, C., Morante-García, W., Berthe-Kone, O., Chica-Pérez, A., Dobarrio-Sanz, I., Grane-ro-Molina, J., & Ortega-Avila, A. B. (2024). Nursing students’ perceptions of learning through a service learning programme with older adults living in poverty in a high-income country: A de-scriptive qualitative study. Healthcare, 12(24), 2493. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12242493

León-Díaz, Ó., Martínez-Muñoz, L. F., & Santos-Pastor, M. L. (2022). Significados y valor pedagógico de las metodologías activas. Una perspectiva experta desde la educación física. Revista Complu-tense de Educación, 33(4), 1001-1013. https://doi.org/10.5209/rced.76330

León-Olivares, J.C., Capella-Peris, C., Chiva-Bartoll, O., & Ruiz-Montero, P.J. (2019). Effects of concur-rent training on perceived physical condition, emotional state and quality of life in elder peo-ple. Revista Iberoamericana de Psicología del Ejercicio y el Deporte, 14(2), 184-189.

Martorell-Pallás, M. del C., González-Barrón, R., Ordóñez, A., & Gómez, O. (2011). Estudio confirmato-rio del cuestionario de conducta prosocial (CCP) y su relación con variables de personalidad y socialización. Revista Iberoamericana de Diagnóstico y Evaluación Psicológica, 2(32), 35–52. https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=5064317

Moreno-Murcia, J., Coll, D., & Ruiz-Pérez, L. (2009). Self-determined motivation and physical education importance. Human Movement, 10(1), 5–11. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10038-009-0001-z

Moreno-Murcia, J. A., De Oliveira, L. M. M., Zomeño, Á., Ruiz Pérez, L. M., & Cervelló Gimeno, E. (2013). Percepción de la utilidad e importancia de la educación física según la motivación generada por el docente. Revista de Educación, 362, 380–401. https://doi.org/10.4438/1988-592X-RE-2011-362-165

Mujica-Johnson, F. N., Concha López, R., Peralta Ferroni, M., & Burgos Henríquez, S. (2024). Perspecti-va de género en la formación docente y escolar de Educación Física. Análisis crítico en función del context. Retos, 55, 339–345. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v55.103535

Noyes, E., Darby, A., & Leupold, C. (2015). Students’ Emotions in Academic Service-Learning. Journal of Higher Education Outreach and Engagement, 19(4), 63, 85.

Oberle, E., Schonert-Reichl, K. A., & Zumbo, B. D. (2011). Life satisfaction in early adolescence: person-al, neighborhood, school, family, and peer influences. Journal of youth and adolescence, 40(7), 889–901. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-010-9599-1

Pérez-Ordás, R., Nuviala, A., Grao-Cruces, A., & Fernández-Martínez, A. (2021). Implementing Service-Learning Programs in Physical Education; Teacher Education as Teaching and Learning Models for All the Agents Involved: A Systematic Review. International Journal of Environmental Re-search and Public Health, 18(2), 669. https://doi.org/10.3390/IJERPH18020669

Pujolàs Maset, P. (2012). Aulas inclusivas y aprendizaje cooperativo. Educatio Siglo XXI, 30(1), 89–112.

Rogers, C. R. (1951). Client-centered therapy: Its current practice, implications, and theory. Houghton Mifflin.

Ruiz-Montero, P. J., Chiva-Bartoll, O., Salvador-García, C., & González-García, C. (2020). Learning with older adults through intergenerational service learning in physical education teacher educa-tion. Sustainability, 12(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/SU12031127

Ruiz-Montero, E.E., Sánchez-Trigo, F. H., Batista, P., & Ruiz-Montero, P.J. (2024). Participación en una experiencia aprendizaje-servicio intergeneracional y conductas prosociales: La importancia de la educación física y su rol mediador. Revista Iberoamericana de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y el Deporte, 13(2), 18–31. https://doi.org/10.24310/riccafd.13.2.2024.18282

Ruysschaert, N. (2014). The use of hypnosis in therapy to increase happiness. American Journal Clini-cal Hypnosis, 56, 269–284. doi: 10.1080/00029157.2013.846845

Salvador-Garcia, C., Garcés, X. F., Ribeiro-Silva, E., & Chiva-Bartoll, O. (2022). Aprendizaje-Servicio Universitario en Educación Física: una interpretación no-lineal de sus complejidades. Opción, 38(99), 41-67. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7502668

Santos-Pastor, M. L., Chiva-Bartoll, O., & Martínez-Muñoz, L. F. (2021). A pedagogical model for ser-vice-learning in physical education teacher education. Sustainability, 13(2), 635. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13020635

Scott, K. E., & Graham, J. A. (2015). Service-learning: Implications for empathy and community en-gagement in elementary school children. Journal of Experiential Education, 38(4), 354–372. https://doi.org/10.1177/1053825915592889

Shu-Chin, S., & Tzong-Heng, C. (2016). A qualitative study of interdisciplinary cooperation on computer and English: a case study of Aletheia University participated in international volunteer service learning to inner Mongolia. Systemic Practice and Action Research, 29, 485–516. doi: 10.1007/s11213-016-9375-6

Volker, E., Gupta, S., & Brown, B. (2022). Educación inclusiva: ventajas y superación de barreras. MacEwan University Studen tE-Journal, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.31542/muse.v6i1.2281

Zorrilla, L. (2017). Diseño y aplicación del programa socioemocional Siente Jugando en alumnado de

Educación Primaria mediante la metodología Aprendizaje-Servicio (Doctoral dissertation). Universitat Jaume I, Castellón. https://www.tesisenred.net/handle/10803/463519

Zubillaga Olague, M., Cañadas, L., & Manso, J. (2025). Procesos de evaluación formativa en la educa-ción básica. Una revisión sistemática. Revista de Educación, 1. https://doi.org/10.4438/1988-592X-RE-2025-408-678

Wang, Y. L. (2021). The development of a coding scheme for intergenerational learning and its applica-tion to the patterns of intergenerational collaborative communication. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 629658. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.629658

Downloads

Published

22-08-2025

Issue

Section

Original Research Article

How to Cite

Ruiz-Montero, E. E., Chiva-Bartoll, Óscar, Sánchez-Trigo, H., & Ruiz Montero, P. J. (2025). Prosociality and perception of Physical Education in Primary School students: reflective diaries. Intergenerational service-learning. Retos, 71, 655-668. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v71.116938