Exercícios de escada de agilidade no treino desportivo: uma revisão sistemática multidimensional
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v72.117404Palavras-chave:
Escada de agilidade, escadas elevadas, escadas inteligentes, pliometria, estudo analíticoResumo
Objectivo: Esta revisão sistemática teve como objectivo avaliar a eficácia dos exercícios de escada de agilidade — tradicional, inteligente, elevado e para membros superiores — em diferentes faixas etárias, contextos desportivos e domínios de desempenho, identificando lacunas de evidência e prioridades futuras de investigação.
Metodologia: A revisão seguiu as diretrizes PRISMA 2020 e foi registada no PROSPERO (ID: 1143436). Foram realizadas pesquisas no PubMed, Scopus e Google Scholar (janeiro de 2003 a 17 de setembro de 2025), limitando-se a estudos em humanos em inglês. Dos 70 registos revistos, foram incluídos 54 estudos empíricos e 14 referências teóricas, analisados contextualmente. A extração de dados foi conduzida de forma independente por revisores por pares, com uma concordância interavaliadores substancial (κ = 0,81). O risco de viés foi avaliado através do RoB 2 e do JBI, resultando em 21 estudos de baixo risco, 19 com algumas preocupações e 14 estudos de alto risco.
Resultados: A maioria dos estudos (≈67%) investigou as escadas tradicionais, enquanto poucos abordaram as escadas inteligentes (n=7), as escadas elevadas (n=5) ou as escadas para membros superiores (n=3). As evidências mostraram melhorias na agilidade, mudança de direção, equilíbrio e coordenação motora, especialmente em atletas jovens e de desportos coletivos. Apenas alguns estudos avaliaram marcadores fisiológicos como o VO₂, lactato, VFC ou EMG, evidenciando uma lacuna significativa. A integração com o treino pliométrico ou de competências produziu benefícios adicionais, embora a heterogeneidade dos protocolos e das medidas tenha impedido uma meta-análise.
Conclusões: Evidências preliminares sugerem que os exercícios com escadas de agilidade são ferramentas úteis para melhorar a agilidade, a coordenação e o equilíbrio funcional. No entanto, a força dos achados varia de acordo com o tipo de escada e com a população. Protocolos padronizados, amostras mais diversificadas e ensaios longitudinais que incluam desfechos fisiológicos são necessários para fortalecer a base científica disponível.
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