Demandas metabólicas y rendimiento físico en el fútbol: un análisis específico por posición de la utilización del sistema energético
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v69.114722Palabras clave:
Sistema aeróbico, sistema anaeróbico, utilización del sistema energético, demandas metabólicas, entrenamiento específico por posiciónResumen
Introducción: El fútbol requiere un equilibrio entre los sistemas energéticos aeróbico y anaeróbico, variando según la posición de juego. Los centrocampistas dependen de la resistencia aeróbica para el movimiento sostenido, mientras que los delanteros y extremos utilizan vías anaeróbicas para sprints repetidos. Defensores y porteros necesitan potencia anaeróbica para duelos aéreos y acciones explosivas. Comprender estas demandas es esencial para optimizar el entrenamiento.
Objetivo: Este estudio analizó las demandas metabólicas y el rendimiento físico de futbolistas universitarios según su posición, enfocándose en resistencia, velocidad, salto vertical y agilidad.
Metodología: Cuarenta futbolistas universitarios (porteros, defensores, centrocampistas y delanteros) realizaron pruebas de campo: Test de Cooper de 12 minutos (resistencia), Sprint de 50 metros (velocidad), Test de Salto Sargent (potencia anaeróbica) y Test de Agilidad Illinois. Se empleó ANOVA unidireccional y análisis post hoc para evaluar diferencias posicionales.
Resultados: Se encontraron diferencias significativas (p < 0.001). Los centrocampistas destacaron en resistencia (3306.6 ± 80.2 m), los delanteros fueron más rápidos (6.43 ± 0.09 s), los porteros lograron mayor salto vertical (64.6 ± 1.07 cm) y los delanteros mostraron mejor agilidad (14.28 ± 0.58 s).
Discusión: Los resultados confirman perfiles fisiológicos distintos. Los centrocampistas priorizan la resistencia, mientras que delanteros y defensores dependen de la potencia anaeróbica y la velocidad.
Conclusión: El entrenamiento específico por posición es clave para optimizar el rendimiento y reducir el riesgo de lesiones. Investigaciones futuras deberían integrar GPS y perfiles metabólicos en competición para un análisis más profundo.
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