Efeito da intensidade do exercício na SOD, Bcl-2 testicular, células espermatogénicas e qualidade da cromatina espermática
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v70.109374Palavras-chave:
Genes Bcl-2, fertilidade, saúde reprodutiva, espermatogénese, superóxido dismutaseResumo
Introdução: O efeito do exercício na qualidade do esperma e os mecanismos relacionados são ainda inconclusivos.
Objectivo: Analisar o efeito de diferentes intensidades de exercício na expressão testicular da superóxido dismutase (SOD) e do género leucemia/linfoma-2 de células B (Bcl-2), no relato de células espermatogénicas e na qualidade da cromatina espermática.
Metodologia: Estudo experimental com 40 ratos machos jovens (Mus musculus, estirpe Deutschland-Denken-Yoken, 23-35 gramas) aleatoriamente designados a quatro grupos (n=10). O grupo de controlo não realizou exercício, enquanto os grupos de exercício de baixa, moderada e alta intensidade nadaram três vezes por semana durante quatro semanas, com cargas ligadas às suas colas equivalentes a três, seis e novas por cento do seu peso corporal, respetivamente. Se avaliar as expressões testiculares de SOD e Bcl-2 com imunohistoquímica, o relato de células espermatogénicas histológicamente e a qualidade da cromatina espermática tinção com azul de anilina. Os dados foram analisados com ANOVA de um único fator, teste de Diferencia Mínima Significativa e Games-Howell, com um nível de significância de cinco por cento.
Resultados: Foram encontradas expressões significativamente mais elevadas de SOD e Bcl-2 nos grupos de intervenção (p<0,001). O grupo de baixa intensidade apresentou um maior relato de espermatocitos e espermátidas (p<0,050). Não há qualquer diferença importante nas espermatogónias ou na qualidade da cromatina.
Conclusões: As diferentes intensidades de exercício influenciam de forma variável a espermatogénese e os níveis testiculares de SOD e Bcl-2, sendo o exercício de baixa intensidade o mais benéfico.
Referências
Abdullahi, H., Atiku, M., Abdulmumin, Y., & Sadiya, W. (2019). Effect of honey and intensity of swim-ming exercise on semen parameters of male albino Wistar rats. Tropical Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 36(2), 258-264. https://www.ajol.info/index.php/tjog/article/view/189785
Agarwal, A., Virk, G., Ong, C., & du Plessis, S. S. (2014). Effect of Oxidative Stress on Male Reproduction. The World Journal of Men’s Health, 32(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.5534/wjmh.2014.32.1.1
Albar, F. C., Soelistijo, S. A., Miftahussurur, M., & Rejeki, P. S. (2021). The Expression of Visceral Fat Uncoupling Protein-1 is Higher in Moderate-Intensity Swimming than in Low or High-Intensity Swimming in Mice. Journal of International Dental and Medical Research, 14(2), 820–824. http://www.jidmr.com/journal/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/62-M21_1425_Purwo_Sri_Rejeki_Indonesia-1.pdf
Asadi, A., Ghahremani, R., Abdolmaleki, A., & Rajaei, F. (2021). Role of sperm apoptosis and oxidative stress in male infertility: A narrative review. International Journal of Reproductive BioMedicine (IJRM), 19(6), 493–504. https://doi.org/10.18502/ijrm.v19i6.9371
Auger, J., Eustache, F., Chevrier, C., & Jégou, B. (2022). Spatiotemporal trends in human semen quality. Nature Reviews Urology, 19(10), 597–626. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41585-022-00626-w
Belladelli, F., Basran, S., & Eisenberg, M. L. (2023). Male Fertility and Physical Exercise. The World Journal of Men’s Health, 41(3), 482–488. https://doi.org/10.5534/wjmh.220199
Beumer, T., Roepers-Gajadien, H. L., Gademan, I. S., Lock, T. M., Kal, H. B., & De Rooij, D. G. (2000), Apoptosis regulation in the testis: Involvement of Bcl-2 family members. Molecular Reproduc-tion and Development, 56(2), 353-359. https://doi.org/10.1002/1098-2795(200007)56:3<353::AID-MRD4>3.0.CO;2-3
Celino, F. T., Yamaguchi, S., Miura, C., Ohta, T., Tozawa, Y., Iwai, T., & Miura, T. (2011). Tolerance of Spermatogonia to Oxidative Stress Is Due to High Levels of Zn and Cu/Zn Superoxide Dis-mutase. PLoS ONE, 6(2), e16938. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0016938
Cohen, J. (1988). The Analysis of Variance and Covariance. In J. Cohen (ed.), Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences (2nd ed., pp. 273–406). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Daud, D. M., Ahmedy, F., Baharuddin, D. M., & Zakaria, Z. A. (2022). Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Enzymes Activity after Cycling at Different Intensity and Duration. Applied Sciences, 12(18), 9161. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12189161
Dewi, C. P., Qurnianingsih, E., Lukitasari, L., Setiawan, H. K., Othman, Z., & Herawati, L. (2024). Both High-Intensity Interval and Moderate-Intensity Continuous Training Decrease Fetuin-A Levels in High Fat Diet Fed Male Rats. Retos, 56, 208–215. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v56.104318
Dillasamola, D. (2021). Sistem Reproduksi Mencit Jantan. In H. Kurniawan (ed.), Infertilitas: Kumpulan Jurnal Penelitian mengenai Infertilitas (pp. 4–14). LPPM - Universitas Andalas.
Dutta, S., Henkel, R., & Agarwal, A. (2021). Comparative analysis of tests used to assess sperm chroma-tin integrity and DNA fragmentation. Andrologia, 53(2), e13718. https://doi.org/10.1111/and.13718
Dutta, S., Sengupta, P., Das, S., Slama, P., & Roychoudhury, S. (2022). Reactive Nitrogen Species and Male Reproduction: Physiological and Pathological Aspects. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23(18), 10574. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms231810574
Elfil, M., & Negida, A. (2017). Sampling methods in Clinical Research; an Educational Review. Emer-gency (Tehran, Iran), 5(1), e52. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5325924/
Ernawati, I`tishom, R., & Sudjarwo, S. A. (2020). Role of MDA, SOD and GPx Expression on Protective Mechanism of Xanthone Against 2-Methoxyethanol-Decreased Number of Sertoli Cell in Mice. Interciencia, 45(1), 104–114. https://intercienciajournal.com/intercien/index.php/jTracker/index/DB03W
Evangelista, F. S., Brum, P. C., & Krieger, J. E. (2003). Duration-controlled swimming exercise training induces cardiac hypertrophy in mice. Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, 36(12), 1751–1759. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-879X2003001200018
Fan, X., Xi, H., Zhang, Z., Liang, Y., Li, Q., & He, J. (2017). Germ cell apoptosis and expression of Bcl-2 and Bax in porcine testis under normal and heat stress conditions. Acta Histochemica, 119(3), 198–204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acthis.2016.09.003
Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang A.-G., & Buchner, A. (2007). G*Power 3: a flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods, 39(2), 175-191. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146
Foresta, C., Zorzi, M., Rossato, M., & Varotto A. (1992). Sperm nuclear instability and staining with ani-line blue: abnormal persistence of histones in spermatozoa in infertile men. International Jour-nal of Andrology, 15(4), 330-337. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2605.1992.tb01132.x
Furuchi, T., Masuko, K., Nishimune, Y., Obinata, M., & Matsui, Y. (1996). Inhibition of testicular germ cell apoptosis and differentiation in mice misexpressing Bcl-2 in spermatogonia. Development, 122(6), 1703-1709. https://doi.org/10.1242/dev.122.6.1703
Giulioni, C., Maurizi, V., & Galosi, A. B. (2023). The role of physical agents’ exposure in male infertility: A critical review. Archivio Italiano Di Urologia e Andrologia, 95(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.4081/aiua.2023.10890
Hachemi, M., Bensaada, M., Rouabah, A., Zoghmar, A., Benbouhedja, S., Rouabah, L., & Benchaib, M. (2019). Effect of spermatic nuclear quality on live birth rates in intracytoplasmic sperm injec-tion. Journal of Human Reproductive Sciences, 12(2), 122–129. https://doi.org/10.4103/jhrs.JHRS_81_18
Ibañez-Perez, J., Santos-Zorrozua, B., Lopez-Lopez, E., Matorras, R., & Garcia-Orad, A. (2019). An up-date on the implication of physical activity on semen quality: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics, 299(4), 901–921. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00404-019-05045-8
Ishii, T., Matsuki, S., Iuchi, Y., Okada, F., Toyosaki, S., Tomita, Y., Ikeda, Y., & Fujii, J. (2005). Accelerated impairment of spermatogenic cells in sod1-knockout mice under heat stress. Free Radical Re-search, 39(7), 697 - 705. https://doi.org/10.1080/10715760500130517
Kregel, K. C., Allen, D. L., Booth, F. W., Fleshner, M. R., Henriksen, E. J., Musch, T. I., O`Leary, D. S., Parks, C. M., Poole, D. C., Ra`anan, A. W., Sheriff, D. D., Sturek, M. S., & Toth, L. A. (2006). Re-source Book for the Design of Animal Exercise Protocols (pp. 1–56). American Physiological So-ciety.
Levine, H., Jørgensen, N., Martino-Andrade, A., Mendiola, J., Weksler-Derri, D., Jolles, M., Pinotti, R., & Swan, S. H. (2023). Temporal trends in sperm count: a systematic review and meta-regression analysis of samples collected globally in the 20th and 21st centuries. Human Reproduction Up-date, 29(2), 157–176. https://doi.org/10.1093/humupd/dmac035
Lutfi, A. R., Herawati, L., & Sari, G. M. (2021). Calorie Restriction and Moderate-Intensity Continuous Exercise Decrease Free Fatty Acid Levels and Visceral Fat Weight on High Calorie Diet Female Mice. Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, 15(2), 3665–3677. https://doi.org/10.37506/ijfmt.v15i2.14944
Maleki, B. H., Tartibian, B., & Chehrazi, M. (2017). The effects of three different exercise modalities on markers of male reproduction in healthy subjects: A randomized controlled trial. Reproduction, 153(2), 157–174. https://doi.org/10.1530/REP-16-0318
Maleki, B. H., Tartibian, B., & Chehrazi, M. (2022). Effectiveness of Exercise Training on Male Factor Infertility: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis. Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach, 14(4), 508–517. https://doi.org/10.1177/19417381211055399
Malekloo, R., Nematollahi, S., Vafaei, A. A., & Rashidy-Pour, A. (2022). Effects of different intensities of treadmill exercise on cued fear extinction failure, hippocampal BDNF decline, and Bax/Bcl-2 ratio alteration in chronic−morphine treated male rats. Behavioural Brain Research, 421, 113732. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113732
Manna, I., Jana, K., & Samanta, P. K. (2004). Effect of different intensities of swimming exercise on tes-ticular oxidative stress and reproductive dysfunction in mature male albino Wistar rats. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 42, 816–822. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15573534/
Matos, B., Howl, J., Ferreira, R., & Fardilha, M. (2019). Exploring the effect of exercise training on tes-ticular function. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 119(1), s00421. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-018-3989-6
Mruk, D., Silvestrini, B., Mo, M., & Cheng, C. Y. (2002), Antioxidant superoxide dismutase - a review: its function, regulation in the testis, and role in male fertility. Contraception, 65(4), 305-311. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-7824(01)00320-1
Nasir, A. M., Hussein, H. I., & Sagheer, A. H. (2022). The effect of a high-intensity training program on BCL2 and BAX proteins and on sprint performance in young 100-m sprinters. SPORT TK-Revista EuroAmericana de Ciencias Del Deporte, 11(3), 30. https://doi.org/10.6018/sportk.539251
Nazanin, M., Razi, M., & Tolouei-Azar, J. (2024). Effect of running exercise training on inflammatory mediators and cytokines expression in testicular tissue; effect of exercise intensity. Life Scienc-es, 339, 122397. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122397
Nematollahi, A., Kazeminasab, F., Tavalaee, M., Marandi, S., Ghaedi, K., Nazem, M., & Nasr-Esfahani, M. (2019). Effect of aerobic exercise, low‐fat and high‐fat diet on the testis tissue and sperm pa-rameters in obese and nonobese mice model. Andrologia, 51(6), e13273. https://doi.org/10.1111/and.13273
Oldereid, N. B., De Angelis, P., Wiger, R., & Clausen, O. P. F. (2001). Expression of Bcl-2 family proteins and spontaneous apoptosis in normal human testis. Molecular Human Reproduction, 7(5), 403-408. https://doi.org/10.1093/molehr/7.5.403
Pahavani, H. A., Rajabi, H., Nabiuni, M., Motamedi, P., Khaledi, N., & Tayanloo, A. (2020). The Effect of Aerobic Exercise with Medium and High Intensity on the Gene Expression of Bax (BCL2 Associ-ated X) and Bcl-2 (B-Cell Lymphoma 2) Markers in Rat Myocard After Ischemic - Reperfusion. Sport Physiology, 12(45), 31–44. https://doi.org/10.22089/spj.2018.4598.1618
Poole, D. C., Copp, S. W., Colburn, T. D., Craig, J. C., Allen, D. L., Sturek, M., O’Leary, D. S., Zucker, I. H., & Musch, T. I. (2020). Guidelines for animal exercise and training protocols for cardiovascular studies. American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology, 318(5), H1100–H1138. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00697.2019
Pourmasumi, S., Khoradmehr, A., Rahiminia, T., Sabeti, P., Talebi, A. R., & Ghasemzadeh, J. (2019). Evaluation of Sperm Chromatin Integrity Using Aniline Blue and Toluidine Blue Staining in In-fertile and Normozoospermic Men. Journal of Reproduction & Infertility, 20(2), 95–101. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6486564/
Rahayu, F. K., Dwiningsih, S. R., Sa’adi, A., & Herawati, L. (2021). Effects of different intensities of exer-cise on folliculogenesis in mice: Which is better? Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medi-cine, 48(1), 43–49. https://doi.org/10.5653/cerm.2020.03937
Riris, A. A., I`tishom, R., & Khaerunnisa, S. (2019). Role of antioxidant to protect Leydig cells damage induced by reactive oxygen species: a literature review. Qanun Medika, 5(1), 49–60. https://doi.org/10.30651/jqm.v5i1.4693
Riyono, A., Tinduh, D., Othman, Z., & Herawati, L. (2022). Moderate intensity continuous and interval training affect visceral fat and insulin resistance model in female rat exposed high calorie diet. Comparative Exercise Physiology, 18(5), 403–411. https://doi.org/10.3920/CEP220013
Rojas, J., Lizbeth, Fahiel, C., & Socorro, R. M. (2017). Stress and Cell Death in Testicular Cells. Andrology (Los Angel), 6(1), 183. https://www.longdom.org/open-access/stress-and-cell-death-in-testicular-cells-16187.html
Saberi, Y., Azar, T., Razi, J. M., & Tofighi, M. A. (2022). The Effect of Low, Moderate and High Intensity Exercise Trainings on Apoptotic Indices of Testicular Tissue in Male Rats. Journal of Sport Bio-sciences, 14(2), 43–60. https://doi.org/10.22059/JSB.2022.338392.1510
Safrina, A., Anita, N., Jusuf, A., Syaidah, R., & Saoemi, H. (2023). Bax/Bcl-2 expression ratio analysis of rat ovary vitrified with date juice concentrate as a natural extracellular cryoprotectant. Journal of Human Reproductive Sciences, 16(2), 106–113. https://doi.org/10.4103/jhrs.jhrs_29_23
Samadian, Z., Azar, J. T., Moshari, S., Razi, M., & Tofighi, A, (2019) Moderate-intensity Exercise Training in Sole and Simultaneous Forms with Insulin Ameliorates the Experimental Type 1 Diabetes-induced Intrinsic Apoptosis in Testicular Tissue. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 40(9),909–920. https://doi.org/10.1055/a-0985-4332
Samadian, Z., Tofighi, A., Razi, M., Azar, J. T., & Pakdel, F. G. (2019). Moderate‐intensity exercise train-ing ameliorates the diabetes‐suppressed spermatogenesis and improves sperm parameters: In-sole and simultaneous with insulin. Andrologia, 51(11), e13457. https://doi.org/10.1111/and.13457
Samanta, P. K., Manna, I., & Jana, K. (2006). Effect of L‐ascorbic acid supplementation on testicular oxidative stress and endocrine disorders in mature male rats exposed to intensive swimming exercise. Reproductive Medicine and Biology, 5(2), 145–153. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1447-0578.2006.00135.x
Sari, D. R., Ramadhan, R. N., Agustin, D., Munir, M., Izzatunnisa, N., Susanto, J., Halim, S., Pranoto, A., & Rejeki, P. S. (2024). The Effect of Exercise Intensity on Anthropometric Parameters and Renal Damage in High Fructose-Induced Mice. Retos, 51, 1194–1209. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v51.101189
Schuppe, H.-C., & Köhn, F.-M. (2022). Impact of lifestyle and environmental factors on male reproduc-tive health. Die Urologie, 61(11), 1217–1228. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00120-022-01951-z
Shokri, S., Hemadi, M., Bayat, G., Bahmanzadeh, M., Jafari-Anarkooli, I., & Mashkani, Β. (2014). Combi-nation of running exercise and high dose of anabolic androgenic steroid, nandrolone decano-ate, increases protamine deficiency and DNA damage in rat spermatozoa. Andrologia, 46(2), 184–190. https://doi.org/10.1111/and.12061
Simioni, C., Zauli, G., Martelli, A. M., Vitale, M., Sacchetti, G., Gonelli, A., & Neri, L. M. (2018). Oxidative stress: role of physical exercise and antioxidant nutraceuticals in adulthood and aging. Onco-target, 9(24), 17181–17198. https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.24729
Smalheiser, N. R., Graetz, E. E., Yu, Z., & Wang, J. (2021). Effect size, sample size and power of forced swim test assays in mice: guidelines for investigators to optimize reproducibility. PLoS ONE, 16(2), e0243668. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0243668
Sun, B., Messerlian, C., Sun, Z., Duan, P., Chen, H., Chen, Y., Wang, P., Wang, L., Meng, T., Wang, Q., Arvi-zu, M., Chavarro, J., Wang, Y., Xiong, C., & Pan, A. (2019). Physical activity and sedentary time in relation to semen quality in healthy men screened as potential sperm donors. Human Repro-duction, 34(12), 2330-2339. https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/dez226
Susanti, N. F., I’tishom, R., & Khaerunnisa, S. (2020). Potensi ekstrak Solanum betaceum terhadap pen-ingkatan sel spermatogenik pada mencit (Mus musculus) yang dipapar timbal asetat. Riset In-formasi Kesehatan, 9(1), 87–91. https://doi.org/10.30644/rik.v9i1.377
Syarifah, A. S., Sudjarwo, S. A., Hendarto, H., I’tishom, R., & Supriyanto. (2021). Nanocurcumin Poten-tial Effect of SOD Enzyme and Caspase-3 Expression in Lead-Acetate Induced Rats Ovarian Granulosa Cells. Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, 15(2), 1961–1969. https://doi.org/10.37506/ijfmt.v14i4.11581
Talbot, S. R., Biernot, S., Bleich, A., van Dijk, R. M., Ernst, L., Häger, C., Helgers, S. O., Koegel, B., Koska, I., Kuhla, A., Miljanovic, N., Müller-Graff, F.-T., Schwabe, K., Tolba, R., Vollmar, B., Weegh, N., Wölk, T., Wolf, F., Wree, A., … Zechner, D. (2020). Defining body-weight reduction as a humane endpoint: a critical appraisal. Laboratory Animals, 54(1), 99–110. https://doi.org/10.1177/0023677219883319
Taruna, D., Purwanto, B., Notopuro, H., Widjiati, W., Utomo, B., Herawati, L., I’tishom, R., & Aryati, A. (2022). Effects of High Intensity Swimming on Heat Shock Protein 70, Superoxide Dismutase and Malondialdehyde of Rattus norvegicus Male Rats. Pharmacognosy Journal, 14(3), 524–530. https://doi.org/10.5530/pj.2022.14.66
Wulandari, E., I`tishom, R., & Sudjarwo, S. (2019). The Potency of Hylocereus polyrhizus Peel Extract as Protector on Lead Acetate-Induced Testicular Toxicity in Mice. The Indian Veterinary Journal, 96(9), 49–51. https://ivj.org.in/journal-article-viewer/f8697548-e1af-4654-8540-95632a5dc94b/
Xi, H., Fan, X., Zhang, Z., Liang, Y., Li, Q., & He, J. (2017). Bax and Bcl-2 are involved in the apoptosis induced by local testicular heating in the boar testis. Reproduction in Domestic Animals, 52(3), 359–365. https://doi.org/10.1111/rda.12904
Xu, Y., Liang, M., Ugbolue, U. C., Fekete, G., & Gu, Y. (2022). Effect of Physical Exercise Under Different Intensity and Antioxidative Supplementation for Plasma Superoxide Dismutase in Healthy Adults: Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis. Frontiers in Physiology, 13, 707176. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2022.707176
Yao, K., Fu, X., Du, X., Li, Y., Yang, S., Yu, M., & Cui, Q. (2018). PGC-1α coordinates with Bcl-2 to control the cell cycle in U251 cells through reducing ROS. Journal of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE B, 19(6), 415–424. https://doi.org/10.1631/jzus.B1700148
Yi, X., Tang, D., Cao, S., Li, T., Gao, H., Ma, T., Yao, T., Li, J., & Chang, B. (2020). Effect of Different Exer-cise Loads on Testicular Oxidative Stress and Reproductive Function in Obese Male Mice. Oxi-dative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2020, 3071658. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/3071658
Downloads
Publicado
Edição
Secção
Licença
Direitos de Autor (c) 2025 Priscilia Intan, Reny I`tishom, Ria Margiana, Ahmad Hizamuddin Qoid Abu Mabruk, Syed Baharom Syed Ahmad Fuad, Gadis Meinar Sari
Este trabalho encontra-se publicado com a Licença Internacional Creative Commons Atribuição-NãoComercial-SemDerivações 4.0.
Autores que publicam nesta revista concordam com os seguintes termos:
- Autores mantém os direitos autorais e assegurar a revista o direito de ser a primeira publicação da obra como licenciado sob a Licença Creative Commons Attribution que permite que outros para compartilhar o trabalho com o crédito de autoria do trabalho e publicação inicial nesta revista.
- Os autores podem estabelecer acordos adicionais separados para a distribuição não-exclusiva da versão do trabalho publicado na revista (por exemplo, a um repositório institucional, ou publicá-lo em um livro), com reconhecimento de autoria e publicação inicial nesta revista.
- É permitido e os autores são incentivados a divulgar o seu trabalho por via electrónica (por exemplo, em repositórios institucionais ou no seu próprio site), antes e durante o processo de envio, pois pode gerar alterações produtivas, bem como a uma intimação mais Cedo e mais do trabalho publicado (Veja O Efeito do Acesso Livre) (em Inglês).
Esta revista é a "política de acesso aberto" de Boai (1), apoiando os direitos dos usuários de "ler, baixar, copiar, distribuir, imprimir, pesquisar, ou link para os textos completos dos artigos". (1) http://legacy.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/boaifaq.htm#openaccess
