Uma versão indonésia do Índice de Resistência Mental: Testando propriedades psicométricas em atletas e não atletas
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v55.106086Palavras-chave:
Mental toughness, psychometric, validation, sport psychology, athlete, non-athleteResumo
Até à data, o Índice de Resistência Mental (MTI) foi adoptado em cinco línguas diferentes, mas não houve nenhuma tentativa de adaptá-lo e testá-lo no contexto indonésio. Por outro lado, o estudo da resistência mental apresenta uma tendência ascendente, mas existem problemas com as ferramentas de medição utilizadas. Esta investigação visa adaptar e testar o MTI ao contexto indonésio envolvendo atletas e não atletas, bem como diferenças de género. Foram 400 participantes, com detalhamento do grupo atleta = 211 pessoas (Idade = 19,18 anos, DP = 1,06, Masculino = 146, Feminino = 65), grupo não atleta = 189 pessoas (Idade = 23,38 anos, DP = 7,11, Masculino = 144, Feminino = 45), e de acordo com o sexo, masculino = 290 pessoas (Idade = 21,38 anos, DP = 5,41), enquanto feminino = 110 pessoas (Idade = 20, 61 anos, DP = 5,24). O MTI foi testado por meio de análise fatorial confirmatória (AFC) com máxima verossimilhança (ML) auxiliada pelos programas IBM SPSS v.26 e IBM Amos v. 22. Em geral, a versão indonésia do MTI (MTIid) apresenta ajuste do modelo, ou seja, os valores obtidos são CFI = 0,967, TLI = 0,954, GFI = 0,966, SRMR = 0,034 e RMSEA = 0,069. Ocho ítems del MTIid tienen un valor de validez convergente estadísticamente significativo (p < 0,001) y el factor de carga es muy bueno (λ = 0,563 a 0,759), tres ítems están en la categoría excelente, dos ítems son muy buenos, y tres artículos são bons. A confiabilidade da consistência interna do MTIid foi excelente (CR = 0,864; α = 0,862). O MTIid é uma ferramenta de medição válida e confiável para medir aspectos da resistência mental, tanto em grupos de atletas como de não atletas e com base nas diferenças de gênero (masculino e feminino).
Palavras-chave: força mental, psicometria, validação, psicologia do esporte, atleta, não atleta.
Referências
Bagozzi, R. P. (2010). Structural equation models are modelling tools with many ambiguities: Comments acknowledging the need for caution and humility in their use. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 20(2), 208–214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2010.03.001
Bagozzi, R. P., & Yi, Y. (2012). Specification, evaluation, and interpretation of structural equation models. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 40(1), 8–34. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-011-0278-x
Brewer, B. W., & Shillinglaw, R. (2016). Evaluation of a Psychological Skills Training Workshop for Male Intercollegiate Lacrosse Players. The Sport Psychologist, 6(2), 139–147. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.6.2.139
Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1992). Alternative Ways of Assessing Model Fit. Sociological Methods & Research, 21(2), 230–258. https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124192021002005
Budiman, I. A. (2015). Penerapan latihan relaksasi latihan konsentrasi dan laitihan visualisasi terhadap peningkatan mental atlet sepak bola Universitas Majalengka. Jurnal Educatio, 1(1), 40–62.
Cherry, H. L. (2005). Psychometric Analysis of an Inventory Assessing Mental Toughness (University of Tennessee - Knoxville). University of Tennessee - Knoxville. Retrieved from https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/588
Cho, G., Hwang, H., Sarstedt, M., & Ringle, C. M. (2020). Cutoff criteria for overall model fit indexes in generalized structured component analysis. Journal of Marketing Analytics, 8(4), 189–202. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41270-020-00089-1
Clough, P., Earle, K., & Sewell, D. (2002). Mental toughness: the concept and its measurement. In I. M. Cockerill (Ed.), Solutions in sport psychology (p. 2002). London: Cengage Learning, EMEA.
Comrey, A. L., & Lee, H. B. (1992). A First Course in Factor Analysis. In A First Course in Factor Analysis. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315827506
Cowden, R. G. (2020). Mental Toughness Inventory: Factorial validity and ethnic group measurement equivalence in competitive tennis. Current Psychology, 39(2), 736–741. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-018-9798-6
Crust, L. (2007). Mental toughness in sport : A review. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Physiology, 5(3), 270–290. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2007.9671836
Dagnall, N., Denovan, A., Papageorgiou, K. A., & Clough, P. J. (2019). Psychometric Assessment of Shortened Mental Toughness Questionnaires (MTQ ): Factor Structure of the MTQ-18 and the MTQ-10. Frontiers in Psychology, 10(August), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01933
Dohme, L. C., Bloom, G. A., Piggott, D., & Backhouse, S. (2020). Development, Implementation, and Evaluation of an Athlete Informed Mental Skills Training Program for EliteYouth Tennis Players. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 32(5), 429–449. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200.2019.1573204
Ghozali, I. (2017). Model persamaan struktural: Konsep dan aplikasi dengan program Amos 24 (7th ed.). Semarang: Badan Penerbit Universitas Diponegoro.
Giandra, S. N., & Setyawan, I. (2014). Hubungan antara efektivitas komunikasi interpersonal pelatih dengan ketangguhan mental atlet. Empati, 3(4), 558–569.
Golby, J, Sheard, M., & van Wersch, A. (2007). Evaluating the Factor Structure of the Psychological Performance Inventory. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 105(1), 309–325. https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.105.1.309-325
Golby, Jim, & Wood, P. (2016). The Effects of Psychological Skills Training on Mental Toughness and Psychological Well-Being of Student-Athletes. Psychology, 07(06), 901–913. https://doi.org/10.4236/psych.2016.76092
Gould, D., Dieffenbach, K., & Moffett, A. (2002). Psychological characteristics and their development in Olympic champions. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 14(3), 172–204. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200290103482
Gucciardi, D. F. (2017). Mental toughness: progress and prospects. Current Opinion in Psychology, Vol. 16, pp. 17–23. Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.03.010
Gucciardi, D. F., & Gordon, S. (2009). Development and preliminary validation of the cricket mental toughness inventory (CMTI). Journal of Sports Sciences, 27(12), 1293–1310. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410903242306
Gucciardi, D. F., & Gordon, S. (2011). Mental Toughness in Sport: developments in theory and research. London: Routledge Taylor & Fracis Group.
Gucciardi, D. F., Gordon, S., & Dimmock, J. A. (2009a). Development and preliminary validation of a mental toughness inventory for Australian football. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 10(1), 201–209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2008.07.011
Gucciardi, D. F., Gordon, S., & Dimmock, J. A. (2009b). Evaluation of a Mental Toughness Training Program for Youth-Aged Australian Footballers: I . A Quantitative Analysis. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 21(3), 307–323. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200903026066
Gucciardi, D. F., Hanton, S., Gordon, S., Mallett, C. J., & Temby, P. (2014). The Concept of Mental Toughness: Tests of Dimensionality, Nomological Network, and Traitness. Journal of Personality, 83(1), 26–44. https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12079
Gucciardi, D. F., Zhang, C. Q., Ponnusamy, V., Si, G., & Stenling, A. (2016). Cross-cultural invariance of the mental toughness inventory among Australian, Chinese, and Malaysian athletes: A Bayesian estimation approach. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 38(2), 187–202. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.2015-0320
Guntoro, T. S., & Putra, M. F. P. (2022). Athletes’ religiosity: How it plays a role in athletes’ anxiety and life satisfaction. HTS Teologiese Studies/Theological Studies, 78(1), a7802. https://doi.org/10.4102/hts.v78i1.7802
Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(July 2012), 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
KemenkoPMK. (2021). Pedoman Umum Gerakan Nasional Revolusi Mental. Jakarta: Kemenko PMK.
Kominfo, D. I. (2015). GPR Report Topik Revolusi Mental. Retrieved from https://www.kemdikbud.go.id/kemdikbud/dokumen/infoindonesia1/GPRReportRevolusi Mental.pdf
Lauer, L., Gould, D., Lubbers, P., & Kovacs, M. (2010). USTA Mental Skills and Drills Handbook. Monterey, CA: Coaches Choice.
Liew, G. C., Kuan, G., Chin, N. S., & Hashim, H. A. (2019). Mental toughness in sport: Systematic review and future. German Journal of Exercise and Sport Research, 49(4), 381–394. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12662-019-00603-3
Maksum, A. (2007). Kualitas Pribadi Atlet: Kunci Keberhasilan Meraih Prestasi Tinggi. Anima, Indonesian Psychological Journal, 22(2), 108–115.
Maksum, A. (2022). Mental Juara: Interrelasi antara Komitmen , Persisten , dan Ambisi Prestatif. Jurnal Olahraga Papua, 4(1), 34–46. https://doi.org/10.31957/jop.v4i1.1359
Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the Self: Implications for Cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98(2), 224–253. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.98.2.224
Marsh, H. W., Hau, K. T., & Wen, Z. (2004). In search of golden rules: Comment on hypothesis-testing approaches to setting cutoff values for fit indexes and dangers in overgeneralizing Hu and Bentler’s (1999) findings. Structural Equation Modeling, 11(3), 320–341. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15328007sem1103_2
Masrun. (2016). Pengaruh Mental Toughness dan Motivasi Berprestasi Terhadap Prestasi Olahraga Atlet PPLP Sumbar. Jurnal Performa Olahraga, 1(1), 1–11. Retrieved from http://performa.ppj.unp.ac.id/index.php/kepel/article/view/72
Moreira, C. R., Codonhato, R., & Fiorese, L. (2021). Transcultural Adaptation and Psychometric Proprieties of the Mental Toughness Inventory for Brazilian Athletes. Frontiers in Psychology, 12(July), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.663382
Nunnally, J. C., & Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Psychometric Theory. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Periyadi, A. (2016). Hubungan Motivasi, Agresivitas, Dan Mental Terhadap Prestasi Olahraga Beladiri Taekwondo Pada Atlet Kyoreugi. Revolusi Mental Mewujudkan Tenaga Pendidikan Yang Profesional Dalam Menyiapkan Generai Emas Indonesia, 2050–2064. Palembang: Universitas PGRI Palembang.
Putra, M. F. P., & Guntoro, T. S. (2022). Competitive State Anxiety Inventory–2R (CSAI-2R): Adapting and Validating Its Indonesian Version. International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences, 10(3), 396–403. https://doi.org/10.13189/saj.2022.100305
Putra, M. F. P., Guntoro, T. S., Wandik, Y., Ita, S., Sinaga, E., Hidayat, R. R., … Rahayu, A. S. (2021). Psychometric properties at Indonesian version of the Sport Anxiety Scale-2: Testing on elite athletes of Papua, Indonesian. International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences, 9(6), 1477–1485. https://doi.org/10.13189/saj.2021.090645
Putra, M. F. P., Sinaga, E., Hidayat, R. R., Kardi, I. S., & Larung, E. Y. P. (2023). Mental Toughness Training Circle (MTTC): Teori dan Praktik. Jayapura: PT Media Publikasi Kita.
Raynadi, F. B., Rachmah, D. N., & Akbar, S. N. (2017). Hubungan ketangguhan mental dengan kecemasan bertanding pada atlet pencak silat di Banjarbaru. Jurnal Ecopsy, 3(3), 149–154. https://doi.org/10.20527/ecopsy.v3i3.2665
Setiawan, E., Patah, I. A., Baptista, C., Winarno, M. ., Sabino, B., & Amalia, E. F. (2020). Self-efficacy dan mental toughness: Apakah faktor psikologis berkorelasi dengan performa atlet? Jurnal Keolahragaan, 8(2), 158–165. https://doi.org/10.21831/jk.v8i2.33551
Sheard, M., Golby, J., & Van Wersch, A. (2009). Progress toward construct validation of the Sports Mental Toughness Questionnaire (SMTQ). European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 25(3), 186–193. https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759.25.3.186
Short, S. E., & Atkinson, F. (2015). The Champion’s Mind: How Great Athletes Think, Train, and Thrive. The Sport Psychologist, 29(3), 263–264. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.2015-0091
Stamatis, A., Grandjean, P., Morgan, G., Padgett, R. N., Cowden, R., & Koutakis, P. (2020). Developing and training mental toughness in sport: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies and pre-test and post-test experiments. BMJ Open Sport and Exercise Medicine, 6(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2020-000747
Stamatis, A., Morgan, G. B., Flores, P. J., Barajas Pineda, L. T., Andrade Sánchez, A. I., & Salgado Torres, S. (2021). Multicultural Invariance and Validation of the Mental Toughness Index in North American and Mexican Athletes. Retos, 43, 643–650. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v43i0.88711
Stamatis, A., Morgan, G. B., Papadakis, Z., Mougios, V., Bogdanis, G., & Spinou, A. (2019). Cross-Cultural Invariance of the Mental Toughness Index among American and Greek Athletes. Current Psychology, 40(12), 5793–5800. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-019-00532-2
Sutoro, Guntoro, T. S., & Putra, M. F. P. (2023). Development and validation mental training model: Mental Toughness Training Circle (MTTC). F1000Reserach, 12(169), 1–36. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.129010.1
Taber, K. S. (2018). The Use of Cronbach’s Alpha When Developing and Reporting Research Instruments in Science Education. Research in Science Education, 48(6), 1273–1296. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11165-016-9602-2
Tiwari, S., & Sharma, J. (2007). Development and Validation of Mental Toughness Questionnaire for Volleyball Players. Annamali University, India.
Wagnild, G. M., & Young, H. M. (1993). Development and psychometric evaluation of the Resilience Scale. Journal of Nursing Measurement, 1(2), 165–178.
Downloads
Publicado
Edição
Secção
Licença
Direitos de Autor (c) 2024 Retos
Este trabalho encontra-se publicado com a Licença Internacional Creative Commons Atribuição-NãoComercial-SemDerivações 4.0.
Autores que publicam nesta revista concordam com os seguintes termos:
- Autores mantém os direitos autorais e assegurar a revista o direito de ser a primeira publicação da obra como licenciado sob a Licença Creative Commons Attribution que permite que outros para compartilhar o trabalho com o crédito de autoria do trabalho e publicação inicial nesta revista.
- Os autores podem estabelecer acordos adicionais separados para a distribuição não-exclusiva da versão do trabalho publicado na revista (por exemplo, a um repositório institucional, ou publicá-lo em um livro), com reconhecimento de autoria e publicação inicial nesta revista.
- É permitido e os autores são incentivados a divulgar o seu trabalho por via electrónica (por exemplo, em repositórios institucionais ou no seu próprio site), antes e durante o processo de envio, pois pode gerar alterações produtivas, bem como a uma intimação mais Cedo e mais do trabalho publicado (Veja O Efeito do Acesso Livre) (em Inglês).
Esta revista é a "política de acesso aberto" de Boai (1), apoiando os direitos dos usuários de "ler, baixar, copiar, distribuir, imprimir, pesquisar, ou link para os textos completos dos artigos". (1) http://legacy.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/boaifaq.htm#openaccess
