Mejoras en la rigidez arterial y dilatación mediante ejercicio físico combinado son independientes de la reducción del peso corporal

Autores/as

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v72.117115

Palabras clave:

Hipertensión arterial, rigidez arterial, presión arterial, disfunción endotelial, dilatación-mediada por flujo, obesidad

Resumen

Introducción: Aunque el ejercicio mejora los resultados vasculares asociados con la pérdida de peso, existe evidencia limitada sobre si beneficios similares ocurren en ausencia de cambios en el peso.

Objetivo: Examinar los efectos de un programa de 6 semanas de ejercicio concurrente de sobre la velocidad de onda de pulso (PWV) y la dilatación mediada por flujo (FMD) en adultos que respondieron o no respondieron a la pérdida de peso al ejercicio.

Metodología: Análisis secundario de un ensayo clínico aleatorizado y controlado en 60 adultos (IMC: 29.7 kg/m²), distribuidos en tres grupos: respondedores (WLRET, n=14) y no respondedores a la pérdida de peso (WLNRET, n=14) y un grupo control (CG, n=30). La intervención consistió en tres sesiones semanales de ejercicio concurrente de intervalos de alta intensidad y fuerza. Se evaluaron los cambios (∆) en PWV y FMD.

Resultados: Al comparar WLRET y WLNRET se observaron cambios significativos y similares en ∆PWV (˗0.9 vs. ˗0.8 m·s⁻¹) y ∆FMD (6.5 vs. 6.5%), ambos diferentes frente al grupo control (P<0.05). La prevalencia de respondedores y no respondedores también fue comparable: ∆PWV (Rs: 78.5%; NRs: 21.4%) y ∆FMD (Rs: 57.1%; NRs: 42.8%). A pesar de una mayor reducción de la presión diastólica en WLNRET (˗5.5 vs. ˗1.3 mmHg; P<0.05), no se detectaron otras diferencias significativas.

Conclusiones: Los adultos no respondedores a la pérdida de peso también reducen la PWV y aumentan la FMD, con adaptaciones fisiológicas similares a los respondedores. Estos hallazgos se ven reforzados por beneficios adicionales en respondedores, incluyendo descensos en la presión arterial.

Referencias

Alvarez, C., Jara, C. A. C., Ciolac, E. G., Guimaraes, G. V., Mayorga, O. A., Montoya, J. C., Andrade, D. C., Floody, P. D., Martínez, A. M. A., & Izquierdo, M. (2023). Hypertensive patients show higher heart rate response during incremental exercise and elevated arterial age estimation than normotensive adult peers: VASCU-HEALTH PROJECT. Retos: nuevas tendencias en educación física, deporte y recreación(50), 25-32. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v50.99716

Alvarez, C., Peñailillo, L., Ibacache-Saavedra, P., Jerez-Mayorga, D., Campos-Jara, C., Andrade, D., Guimarães, G., Gomes-Ciolac, E., Delgado-Floody, P., & Izquierdo, M. (2024). Six weeks of a concurrent training therapy improves endothelial function and arterial stiffness in hypertensive adults with minimum non-responders. Hipertensión y Riesgo Vascular. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hipert.2024.07.001

Ashor, A. W., Lara, J., Siervo, M., Celis-Morales, C., & Mathers, J. C. (2014). Effects of exercise modalities on arterial stiffness and wave reflection: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. PloS one, 9(10), e110034. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0110034

Atkinson, G. (2014). Shear rate normalization is not essential for removing the dependency of flow-mediated dilation on baseline artery diameter: past research revisited. Physiological measurement, 35(9), 1825. https://doi.org/10.1088/0967-3334/35/9/1825

Bakali, M., Ward, T. C., Daynes, E., Jones, A. V., Hawthorne, G. M., Latimer, L., Divall, P., Graham-Brown, M., McCann, G. P., & Yates, T. (2023). Effect of aerobic exercise training on pulse wave velocity in adults with and without long-term conditions: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Open Heart, 10(2), e002384. https://doi.org/10.1136/openhrt-2023-002384

Bergmann, F., Prager, M., Pracher, L., Sawodny, R., Steiner‐Gager, G. M., Richter, B., Jilma, B., Zeitlinger, M., Gelbenegger, G., & Jorda, A. (2025). Systolic blood pressure targets below 120 mm Hg are associated with reduced mortality: A meta‐analysis. Journal of Internal Medicine, 297(5), 479-491. https://doi-org.recursosbiblioteca.unab.cl/10.1111/joim.20078

Dekker, M. J., Lee, S., Hudson, R., Kilpatrick, K., Graham, T. E., Ross, R., & Robinson, L. E. (2007). An exercise intervention without weight loss decreases circulating interleukin-6 in lean and obese men with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus. Metabolism, 56(3), 332-338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2006.10.015

Delgado-Floody, P., Chirosa-Rios, L., Caamano-Navarrete, F., Valdes-Badilla, P., Herrera-Valenzuela, T., Monsalves-Alvarez, M., Nunez-Espinosa, C., Castro-Sepulveda, M., Guzman-Munoz, E., Andrade, D. C., & Alvarez, C. (2022). Concurrent training and interindividual response in women with a high number of metabolic syndrome risk factors. Front Physiol, 13, 934038. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2022.934038

Delgado-Floody, P., Chirosa-Ríos, L., Caamaño-Navarrete, F., Valdés-Badilla, P., Herrera-Valenzuela, T., Monsalves-Álvarez, M., Núñez-Espinosa, C., Castro-Sepulveda, M., Guzmán-Muñoz, E., & Andrade, D. C. (2022). Concurrent training and interindividual response in women with a high number of metabolic syndrome risk factors. Front Physiol, 1922. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2022.934038

Delgado-Floody, P., Izquierdo, M., Ramírez-Vélez, R., Caamano-Navarrete, F., Moris, R., Jerez-Mayorga, D., Andrade, D. C., & Alvarez, C. (2020). Effect of high-intensity interval training on body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, blood pressure, and substrate utilization during exercise among prehypertensive and hypertensive patients with excessive adiposity. Front Physiol, 1171. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2020.558910

Donnelly, J. E., Blair, S. N., Jakicic, J. M., Manore, M. M., Rankin, J. W., & Smith, B. K. (2009). American College of Sports Medicine Position Stand. Appropriate physical activity intervention strategies for weight loss and prevention of weight regain for adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 41(2), 459-471. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181949333

Early, K. S., Stewart, A., Johannsen, N., Lavie, C. J., Thomas, J. R., & Welsch, M. (2017). The effects of exercise training on brachial artery flow-mediated dilation: a meta-analysis. Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation and Prevention, 37(2), 77-89. https://doi.org/10.1097/HCR.0000000000000206

Guimarães, G. V., Ciolac, E. G., Carvalho, V. O., D'Avila, V. M., Bortolotto, L. A., & Bocchi, E. A. (2010). Effects of continuous vs. interval exercise training on blood pressure and arterial stiffness in treated hypertension. Hypertension Research, 33(6), 627-632. https://doi.org/10.1038/hr.2010.42

Hopkins, W. G., Marshall, S. W., Batterham, A. M., & Hanin, J. (2009). Progressive statistics for studies in sports medicine and exercise science. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 41(1), 3-13. https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0b013e31818cb278

Jones, D. W., Ferdinand, K. C., Taler, S. J., Johnson, H. M., Shimbo, D., Abdalla, M., Altieri, M. M., Bansal, N., Bello, N. A., & Bress, A. P. (2025). 2025 AHA/ACC/AANP/AAPA/ABC/ACCP/ACPM/AGS/AMA/ASPC/NMA/PCNA/SGIM guideline for the prevention, detection, evaluation, and management of high blood pressure in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. JACC. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2025.05.007

Kim, H. M., Rhee, T.-M., & Kim, H.-L. (2022). Integrated approach of brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity and cardiovascular risk scores for predicting the risk of cardiovascular events. PloS one, 17(4), e0267614. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0267614

Liu, G., Sha, W., Wu, Y., Luo, J., Cai, Y., Zhang, T., & Yang, Y. (2025). The association between estimated pulse wave velocity and cardio-cerebrovascular disease risk: a cohort study. European journal of medical research, 30(1), 16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40001-024-02217-4

Lobene, A. J., Ragland, T. J., Lennon, S. L., & Malin, S. K. (2023). Nutrition Interactions With Exercise Training on Endothelial Function. Exerc Sport Sci Rev, 51(2). https://doi.org/10.1249/JES.0000000000000312

Mancia, G., Fagard, R., Narkiewicz, K., Redón, J., Zanchetti, A., Böhm, M., Christiaens, T., Cifkova, R., De Backer, G., Dominiczak, A., Galderisi, M., Grobbee, D. E., Jaarsma, T., Kirchhof, P., Kjeldsen, S. E., Laurent, S., Manolis, A. J., Nilsson, P. M., Ruilope, L. M., . . . Members:, L. o. a. F. (2013). 2013 ESH/ESC Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension: The Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Journal of hypertension, 31(7), 1281-1357. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.hjh.0000431740.32696.cc

Mestek, M. L., Westby, C. M., Van Guilder, G. P., Greiner, J. J., Stauffer, B. L., & DeSouza, C. A. (2010). Regular Aerobic Exercise, Without Weight Loss, Improves Endothelium-dependent Vasodilation in Overweight and Obese Adults. Obesity, 18(8), 1667-1669. https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2009.467

Minsal. (2017). Departamento de Epidemiología. Encuesta Nacional de Salud 2016-2017. http://epi.minsal.cl/encuesta-ens/

Morales, M. S., Cuffaro, P. E., Barochiner, J., Rada, M. A., Alfie, J., Aparicio, L., Marin, M., Galarza, C. R., & Waisman, G. D. (2015). Validation of a new piezo-electronic device for non-invasive measurement of arterial pulse wave velocity according to the artery society guidelines. Artery Research, 10, 32-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.artres.2015.03.001

Paravlic, A. H., & Drole, K. (2025). Effects of aerobic training on brachial artery flow-mediated dilation in healthy adults: a meta-analysis of inter-individual response differences in randomized controlled trials. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil, 17(1), 72. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-025-01124-3

Pedralli, M. L., Marschner, R. A., Kollet, D. P., Neto, S. G., Eibel, B., Tanaka, H., & Lehnen, A. M. (2020). Different exercise training modalities produce similar endothelial function improvements in individuals with prehypertension or hypertension: a randomized clinical trial Exercise, endothelium and blood pressure. Scientific reports, 10(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-64365-x

Petermann, F., Durán, E., Labraña, A. M., Martínez, M. A., Leiva, A. M., Garrido-Méndez, A., Poblete-Valderrama, F., Díaz-Martínez, X., Salas, C., & Celis-Morales, C. (2017). Factores de riesgo asociados al desarrollo de hipertensión arterial en Chile. Revista medica de Chile, 145(8), 996-1004. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/s0034-98872017000800996

Ramírez-Vélez, R., Castro-Astudillo, K., Correa-Bautista, J. E., González-Ruíz, K., Izquierdo, M., García-Hermoso, A., Álvarez, C., Ramírez-Campillo, R., & Correa-Rodríguez, M. (2020). The effect of 12 Weeks of different exercise training modalities or nutritional guidance on cardiometabolic risk factors, vascular parameters, and physical fitness in overweight Adults: cardiometabolic high-intensity interval training-resistance training randomized controlled study. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 34(8), 2178-2188. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000003533

Ramírez-Vélez, R., Hernández-Quiñones, P. A., Tordecilla-Sanders, A., Álvarez, C., Ramírez-Campillo, R., Izquierdo, M., Correa-Bautista, J. E., Garcia-Hermoso, A., & Garcia, R. G. (2019). Effectiveness of HIIT compared to moderate continuous training in improving vascular parameters in inactive adults. Lipids in health and disease, 18(1), 42. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12944-019-0981-z

Ring, M., Eriksson, M. J., Zierath, J. R., & Caidahl, K. (2014). Arterial stiffness estimation in healthy subjects: a validation of oscillometric (Arteriograph) and tonometric (SphygmoCor) techniques. Hypertension Research, 37(11), 999-1007. https://doi.org/10.1038/hr.2014.115

Schiavon, C. A., Cavalcanti, A. B., Oliveira, J. D., Machado, R. H. V., Santucci, E. V., Santos, R. N., Oliveira, J. S., Damiani, L. P., Junqueira, D., Halpern, H., Monteiro, F. d. L. J., Noujaim, P. M., Cohen, R. V., Sousa, M. G. d., Bortolotto, L. A., Berwanger, O., & Drager, L. F. (2024). Randomized Trial of Effect of Bariatric Surgery on Blood Pressure After 5 Years. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 83(6), 637-648. https://doi.org/doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2023.11.032

Swift, D. L., McGee, J. E., Grammer, E. E., Huff, A. C., Clunan, M. C., Hursey, N., Brown, T. T., Osborne, B. G., Houmard, J. A., & Carels, R. A. (2023). The effect of exercise training level on arterial stiffness after clinically significant weight loss. Clinical obesity, 13(5), e12584. https://doi-org.recursosbiblioteca.unab.cl/10.1111/cob.12584

Thijssen, D. H., Bruno, R. M., van Mil, A. C., Holder, S. M., Faita, F., Greyling, A., Zock, P. L., Taddei, S., Deanfield, J. E., & Luscher, T. (2019). Expert consensus and evidence-based recommendations for the assessment of flow-mediated dilation in humans. European Heart Journal, 40(30), 2534-2547. https://doi-org.recursosbiblioteca.unab.cl/10.1093/eurheartj/ehz350

Whelton, P. K., Carey, R. M., Aronow, W. S., Casey, D. E., Collins, K. J., Himmelfarb, C. D., DePalma, S. M., Gidding, S., Jamerson, K. A., Jones, D. W., MacLaughlin, E. J., Muntner, P., Ovbiagele, B., Smith, S. C., Spencer, C. C., Stafford, R. S., Taler, S. J., Thomas, R. J., Williams, K. A., . . . Wright, J. T. (2018). 2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults: Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Hypertension, 71(6), 1269-1324. https://doi.org/doi:10.1161/HYP.0000000000000066

WHO. (2000). Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic. Report of a WHO Consultation894:i–xii, 891–253. ISBN 92 4 120894 5; ISSN 0512-3054. https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/42330

Whytock, K. L., & Goodpaster, B. H. (2025). Unraveling Skeletal Muscle Insulin Resistance: Molecular Mechanisms and the Restorative Role of Exercise. Circulation Research, 137(2), 184-204. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.125.3255

Wyss, F., Coca, A., Lopez-Jaramillo, P., Ponte-Negretti, C., Wyss, F. S., Restrepo, G., Ponte-Negretti, C. I., Lanas, F., Pérez, G., & Barroso, W. S. (2020). Position statement of the Interamerican Society of Cardiology (IASC) on the current guidelines for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of arterial hypertension 2017–2020. International Journal of Cardiology Hypertension, 6, 100041. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijchy.2020.100041

Xi, H., Du, L., Li, G., Zhang, S., Li, X., Lv, Y., Feng, L., & Yu, L. (2025). Effects of exercise on pulse wave velocity in hypertensive and prehypertensive patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine, 12, 1504632. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2025.1504632

You, Q., Yu, L., Li, G., He, H., & Lv, Y. (2022). Effects of Different Intensities and Durations of Aerobic Exercise on Vascular Endothelial Function in Middle-Aged and Elderly People: A Meta-analysis [Systematic Review]. Front Physiol, Volume 12 - 2021. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2021.803102

Descargas

Publicado

17-09-2025

Número

Sección

Artículos de carácter científico: investigaciones básicas y/o aplicadas

Cómo citar

Alvarez, C., Delgado-Floody, P., Campos-Jara, C., Durán-Marín, C., Jerez-Mayorga, D., Andrade, D. C., Caparros-Manosalva, C., Marzuca-Nassr, G., Andrade-Mayorga, O., & Rojas Rojas, G. (2025). Mejoras en la rigidez arterial y dilatación mediante ejercicio físico combinado son independientes de la reducción del peso corporal. Retos, 72, 835-849. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v72.117115