Engaging fans in social media through team brand associations: the mediating role of sport team identification
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v70.116836Keywords:
Social media engagement, sport fans, sport team identification, team brand associationsAbstract
Introduction: Because of the importance of having engaged sport fans on social media, research has also focused on the antecedents of fan social media engagement.
Objective: The purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationship between team brand associations (i.e., benefits, product related attributes, and non-product related attributes) and individuals’ engagement with their favorite team on social media (i.e., consumption, contribution, and creation activities), while also considering the mediating role of sport team identification.
Methodology: A quantitative approach was followed by using an electronic questionnaire, which was disseminated through a football-related Facebook page. The sample consisted of 213 fans of football teams who were followers of this page.
Results: The findings indicated that benefits predicted the consumption and contribution dimensions of social media engagement, while non-product related attributes predicted only the consumption facet. Benefits and non-product related attributes were also found to be related to sport team identification. Sport team identification was shown to be associated with benefits and non-product related attributes, while it also acted as a mediating variable in the relationships between benefits and social media dimensions and in the relationships between non-product related and social media engagement dimensions.
Conclusions: This research uncovers how team brand associations can be related to fan social media engagement and offers practical implications to sport managers aiming to engage their fans on social media.
References
Aaker, D.A. (1991). Managing brand equity. New York: The Free Press.
Afriani, R., & Sepdanius, E. (2025). The influence of english in sports activities on vocabulary under-standing and communication behaviour in sports context: PLS-SEM analysis. Retos, 65, 532–544. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v65.111 066
Ahiabor, D. K., Kosiba, J. P. B., Gli, D. D., Tweneboah-Koduah, E. Y., & Hinson, R. E. (2023). Satellite fans engagement with social networking sites influence on sport team brand equity: A UGT perspec-tive. Digital Business, 3(2), 100064. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.digbus.2023.100064
Anagnostopoulos, C., Parganas, P., Chadwick, S., & Fenton, A. (2018). Branding in pictures: using Insta-gram as a brand management tool in professional team sport organisations. European Sport Management Quarterly, 18(4), 413–438. https://doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2017.1410202
Annamalai, B., Yoshida, M., Varshney, S., Pathak, A.A., & Venugopal, P. (2021). Social media content strategy for sport clubs to drive fan engagement. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 62, 102648. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2021.102648
Ashmore, R. D., Deaux, K., & McLaughlin-Volpe, T. (2004). An organizing framework for collective identity: Articulation and significance of multidimensionality. Psychological Bulletin, 130, 80– 114. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.130.1.80
Behnam, M., Dickson, G., Delshab, V., Gerke, A., & Savari Nikou, P. (2023). The moderating effect of fan engagement on the relationship between fan knowledge and fan co-creation in social media. International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship, 24(4), 606–622. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSMS-09-2022-0175
Bauer, H. H., Stokburger-Sauer, N. E., & Exler, S. (2008). Brand image and fan loyalty in professional team sport: A refined model and empirical assessment. Journal of Sport Management, 22, 205-226.
Brodie, R. J., Hollebeek, L. D., Juric, B., & Ilic, A. (2011). Customer engagement: Conceptual domain, fundamental propositions, and implications for research. Journal of Service Research, 14(3), 252–271. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.22.2.205
Cao, Y., & Matsuoka, H. (2024). Consumer engagement on social media in the sport context: a scoping review. Leisure Studies. 44(3), 495–522. https://doi.org/10.1080/02614367.2024.2324819
Clavio, G., & Walsh, P. (2014). Dimensions of social media utilization among college sports fans. Com-munication & Sport, 2(3), 261–281. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167479513480355
Daniels, J., Kunkel, T., & Karg, A. (2019). New brands: Contextual differences and development of brand associations over time. Journal of Sport Management, 33(2), 133-147. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.2018-0218
Diamantopoulos, A., & Siguaw, J. A. (2006). Formative vs. reflective indicators in measure develop-ment: Does the choice of indicators matter? British Journal of Management, 13(4), 263–282. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8551.2006.00500.x
Dolan, R., Conduit, J., Fahy, J., & Goodman, S. (2016). Social media engagement behaviour: a uses and gratifications perspective. Journal of Strategic Marketing, 24(3–4), 261–277. https://doi.org/10.1080/0965254X.2015.1095222
Fernández-Martínez, A., Miguel, D. F., Pérez-Ordás, R., Nuviala, R. N., & Nuviala, A. N. (2022). Propiedades psicométricas de la escala WP-FootballTeams sobre motivos de uso de páginas web. Retos, 45, 432–439. https://recyt.fecyt.es/index.php/retos/index
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Market Research, 18, 39–50. https://doi.org/10.2307/3151312
Gladden, J. M., & Funk, D. C. (2002). Developing an understanding of brand associations in team sport: Empirical evidence from consumers of professional sport. Journal of Sport Management, 16(1), 54–81. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.16.1.54
Gudergan, S. P., Ringle, C. M., Wende, S., & Will, A. (2008). Confirmatory tetrad analysis in PLS path modeling. Journal of Business Research, 61(12), 1238-1249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2008.01.012
Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2016). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM), (2nd ed.) Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Hair Jr., J. F, Hult, G. Tomas M, Ringle, C. M, Sarstedt, M., Danks, N. P, & Ray, S. (2021). Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) Using R: A Workbook. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80519-7
Hair, J. F., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2011). PLS-SEM: Indeed a silver bullet. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 19(2), 139-152. https://doi.org/10.2753/MTP1069-6679190202
Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2015). A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance- based structural equation modeling. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 43(1), 115–135. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-014-0403-8
Hollebeek, L. D. (2011). Demystifying customer brand engagement: exploring the loyalty nexus. Jour-nal of Marketing Management, 27(7/8):785–807. https://doi.org/10.1080/0267257X.2010.500132
Kassing, J. W., & Sanderson, J. (2010). Fan-athlete interaction and Twitter tweeting through the Giro: A case study. International Journal of Sport Communication, 3(1), 113–128. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsc.3.1.113
Keller, K. L. (1993). Conceptualizing, measuring, and managing customer-based brand equity. Journal of Marketing, 57(1), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224299305700101
Keller, K.L. (2003). Strategic brand management: Building, measuring and managing brand equity (2nd ed.). Engle- wood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Kunkel, T., Doyle, J. P., Funk, D. C., Du, J., & McDonald, H. (2016). The development and change of brand associations and their influence on team loyalty over time. Journal of Sport Management, 30, 117–134. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.2015-0129
Kunkel, T., Funk, D., & King, C. (2014). Developing a conceptual understanding of consumer-based league brand associations. Journal of Sport Management, 28(1), 49-67. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.2011-0153
Kunkel, T., Funk, D. C., & Lock, D. (2017). The effect of league brand on the relationship between the team brand and behavioral intentions: A formative approach examining brand associations and brand relationships. Journal of Sport Management, 31(4), 317-332. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.2016-0166
Kwon, H., Pyun, D. Y., & Lim, S. H. (2022). Relationship between team identification and consumption behaviors: Using a meta-analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 0–10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.869275
Lianopoulos, Y., Kotsi, N., Karagiorgos, T., & Theodorakis, N. D. (2024). Experiential effects on mass sport participants’ event satisfaction and behavioral intentions: Examining sensory, affective, behavioral, intellectual, and relational dimensions. International Journal of Event and Festival Management, 15(2), 270–292. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEFM-09-2023-0075
Lianopoulos, Y., Theodorakis, N. D., Gardikiotis, A., Tsigilis, N., & Koustelios, A. (2021). Antecedents of team identification: Testing for invariance across locals and distant sport fans. International Journal of Sport Management, 22, 1-36.
Lock, D., & Heere, B. (2017). Identity crisis: A theoretical analysis of ‘team identification’ re-search. European Sport Management Quarterly, 17(4), 413-435. https://doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2017.1306872
Lock, D., Taylor, T., Funk, D., & Darcy, S. (2014). Exploring the development of team identification. Journal of Sport Management, 28(2), 119–135. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.2012-0072
Machado, J. C., Martins, C. C., Ferreira, F. C., Silva, S. C. e., & Duarte, P. A. (2020). Motives to engage with sports brands on Facebook and Instagram–The case of a Portuguese football club. Inter-national Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship, 21(2), 325–349. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSMS-06-2019-0066
Maderer, D., Parganas, P., & Anagnostopoulos, C. (2018). Brand-image communication through social media: The case of European professional football clubs. International Journal of Sport Com-munication, 11(3), 319-338. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsc.2018-0086
McDonald, H., Biscaia, R., Yoshida, M., Conduit, J., & Doyle, J. P. (2022). Customer engagement in sport: An updated review and research agenda. Journal of Sport Management, 36(3), 289-304. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.2021-0233
Moyer, C., Pokrywczynski, J., & Griffin, R. J. (2015). The Relationship of fans’ sports-team identification and facebook usage to purchase of team products. Journal of Sports Media, 10(1), 31–49. https://doi.org/10.1353/jsm.2015.0001
Muntinga, D. G., Moorman, M., & Smit, E. G. (2011). Introducing COBRAs: Exploring motivations for brand-related social media use. International Journal of Advertising, 30(1), 13–46. https://doi.org/10.2501/IJA-30-1-013-046
Parganas, P., Anagnostopoulos, C., & Chadwick, S. (2017). Effects of social media interactions on brand associations: A comparative study of soccer fan clubs. International Journal of Sports Market-ing and Sponsorship, 18(2), 149-165. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSMS-05-2017-087
Parganas, P., Anagnostopoulos, C., & Chadwick, S. (2015). You’ll never tweet alone: Managing sport brands through social media. Journal of Brand Management, 22(7), 551-568. https://doi.org/10.1057/bm.2015.32
Pegoraro, A. (2010). Look who's talking—Athletes on Twitter: A case study. International Journal of Sport Communication, 3(4), 501–514. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsc.3.4.501
Pradhan, D., Malhotra, R., & Moharana, T. (2020). When fan engagement with sports club brands mat-ters in sponsorship: Influence of fan–brand personality congruence. Journal of Brand Manage-ment, 27(1), 77-92. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41262-019-00169-3
Sarstedt, M., Ringle, C. M., Raithel, S., & Gudergan, S. P. (2014). In pursuit of understanding what drives fan satisfaction. Journal of Leisure Research, 46(4), 419–447. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.2014.11950335
Santos, T. O., Correia, A., Biscaia, R., & Pegoraro, A. (2019). Examining fan engagement through social networking sites. International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship, 20(1), 163–183. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSMS-05-2016-0020
Schivinski, B., Christodoulides, G., & Dabrowski, D. (2016). Measuring consumers' engagement with brand-related social-media content: Development and validation of a scale that identifies levels of social-media engagement with brands. Journal of Advertising Research, 56(1), 64-80. https://doi.org/10.2501/JAR-2016-004
Steine, E., Pittman, M., & Boatwright, B. (2023). When sports fans buy: Contextualizing social media engagement behavior to predict purchase intention. Journal of Sport Management, 16(2), 136-146. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsc.2022-0158
Su, Y., Du, J., Biscaia, R., & Inoue, Y. (2021). We are in this together: Sport brand involvement and fans’ well-being. European Sport Management Quarterly, 22(1), 92–119. https://doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2021.1978519
Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. (1979). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In W. Austin, & S. Worchel (Eds.), The social psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 33–47). Brooks/Cole Publishing Com-pany.
Theodorakis, N. D., Wann, D. L., & Weaver, S. (2012). An antecedent model of team identification in the context of professional soccer. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 21, 80–90.
Toudert, D. E., & Bringas-Rábago, N. L. (2018). El impacto del apego al equipo en el consumo recrea-tivo de los espectadores transfronterizos de fútbol (The impact of team attachment on recrea-tional consumption of cross-border football spectators). Retos, 33, 85–90. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v0i33.53659
Trail, G. T., Alfaro-Barrantes, P., & Kim, Y. (2023). Consolidation of Concepts and Scales Examining External Activation Factors Affecting Sport Consumption. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 32(3), 246–264. http://doi.org/10.32731/SMQ.323.092023.06
Tsigilis, N., Lianopoulos, Y., & Theodorakis. N. D. (2023). Measuring identification with a sport team: An empirical comparison of the Sport Team Identification Scale with the Sport Spectator Iden-tification Scale. International Journal of Sport Management, 24, 171-195.
Vale, L., & Fernandes, T. (2017). Social media and sports: Driving fan engagement with football clubs on Facebook. Journal of Strategic Marketing, 26(1), 37-55. https://doi.org/10.1080/0965254X.2017.1359655
van Doorn, J., Lemon, K. N., Mittal, V., Nass, S., Pick, D., Pirner, P., & Verhoef, P. C. (2010). Customer engagement behavior: Theoretical foundations and research directions. Journal of Service Re-search, 13, 253–266. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094670510375599
Verhoef, P. C., Reinartz, W. J., & Krafft, M. (2010). Customer engagement as a new perspective in cus-tomer management. Journal of Service Research, 13, 247–252. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094670510375461
Wann, D. L., & Branscombe, N. R. (1993). Sports fans: Measuring degree of identification with their team. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 24, 1–17.
Wann, D. L., Hackathorn, J., & Sherman, M. R. (2017). Testing the team identification–social psycholog-ical health model: Mediational relationships among team identification, sport fandom, sense of belonging, and meaning in life. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 21(2), 94-121. https://doi.org/10.1037/gdn0000066
Wear, H., Hills, S., Heere, B., & Walker, M. (2018). Communal brand associations as drivers of team identity and consumer behavior. Journal of Global Sport Management, 3(3), 302–320. https://doi.org/10.1080/24704067.2018.1432990
Williams, J., & Chinn, S. J. (2010). Meeting relationship-marketing goals through social media: A con-ceptual model for sport marketers. International Journal of Sport Communication, 3(4), 422–437. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsc.3.4.422
Winell, E. (2023). Exploring antecedents and outcomes of customer engagement among elite football fans. Services Marketing Quarterly, 44(2–3), 167–187. https://doi.org/10.1080/15332969.2023.2207433
Yoshida, M., Gordon, B., Nakazawa, M., & Biscaia, R. (2014). Conceptualization and measurement of fan engagement: Empirical evidence from a professional sport context. Journal of Sport Manage-ment, 28(4), 399-417. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.2013-0199
Yoshida, M., Gordon, B. S., Nakazawa, M., Shibuya, S., & Fujiwara, N. (2018). Bridging the gap between social media and behavioral brand loyalty. Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, 28, 208-218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elerap.2018.02.00
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Yannis Lianopoulos, Thomas Karagiorgos, Apostolia Ntovoli, Vassilis Kassis

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and ensure the magazine the right to be the first publication of the work as licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of authorship of the work and the initial publication in this magazine.
- Authors can establish separate additional agreements for non-exclusive distribution of the version of the work published in the journal (eg, to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
- Is allowed and authors are encouraged to disseminate their work electronically (eg, in institutional repositories or on their own website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as to a subpoena more Early and more of published work (See The Effect of Open Access) (in English).
This journal provides immediate open access to its content (BOAI, http://legacy.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/boaifaq.htm#openaccess) on the principle that making research freely available to the public supports a greater global exchange of knowledge. The authors may download the papers from the journal website, or will be provided with the PDF version of the article via e-mail.