Revisión sistemática de biomarcadores moleculares y parámetros antropométricos para monitorear fatiga e inflamación en atletas
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v71.117162Palabras clave:
Antropométricos, atletas, biomarcadores, fatiga, inflamaciónResumen
Introducción: La fatiga y la inflamación son procesos fisiológicos clave que afectan la recuperación y el rendimiento en atletas. Sin embargo, las estrategias actuales de monitoreo no suelen integrar marcadores moleculares y antropométricos, lo que limita su aplicabilidad en el ámbito deportivo.
Objetivo: Evaluar críticamente la evidencia reciente sobre la integración de biomarcadores moleculares y parámetros antropométricos para evaluar la inflamación y la fatiga en atletas.
Metodología: Siguiendo las directrices PRISMA 2020, se realizó una búsqueda sistemática en Web of Science, ScienceDirect y PubMed. Se incluyeron 47 estudios revisados por pares en inglés, realizados en atletas humanos, que informaron datos moleculares y antropométricos.
Resultados: Se identificaron correlaciones entre composición corporal y biomarcadores de fatiga muscular, inflamación, regulación endocrina, inmunidad y metabolismo. Se observaron comúnmente cascadas de señalización significativas, como el factor nuclear kappa B, la fosfatidilinositol-3-quinasa/cinasa dependiente de fosfatidilinositol y el eje hipotálamo–hipófisis–adrenal. Mayor masa muscular favorece la recuperación; mayor grasa corporal se asocia con mayor inflamación y riesgo metabólico.
Discusión: La combinación de biomarcadores y parámetros antropométricos mejora la precisión del monitoreo fisiológico, especialmente en atletas entrenados. Se propone una estrategia dual que integre indicadores moleculares y morfológicos.
Conclusiones: El análisis conjunto de biomarcadores y medidas antropométricas representa un enfoque prometedor para el monitoreo individualizado en la ciencia del deporte.
Referencias
Agostinis-Sobrinho, C., Vicente, S. E. d. C. F., Norkiene, S., Rauckienė-Michaelsson, A., Kievisienė, J., Dubey, V. P., Razbadauskas, A., Lopes, L., & Santos, R. (2022). Is the leptin/adiponectin ratio a better diagnostic biomarker for insulin resistance than leptin or adiponectin alone in adoles-cents? Children, 9(8), 1193. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9081193
Alves, J., Barrientos, G., Toro, V., Sánchez, E., Muñoz, D., & Maynar, M. (2021). Changes in anthropo-metric and performance parameters in high-level endurance athletes during a sports season. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(2782), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052782
Ashwell, M., & Gibson, S. (2016). Waist to height ratio as an indicator of early health risk. BMJ Open, 6(3), e010159. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010159
Baird, M. F., Graham, S. M., Baker, J. S., & Bickerstaff, G. F. (2012). Creatine-kinase- and exercise-related muscle damage: Implications for muscle performance and recovery. Journal of Nutri-tion and Metabolism, 2012, 960363. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/960363
Banfi, G., Colombini, A., Lombardi, G., & Lubkowska, A. (2012). Metabolic markers in sports medicine. Advances in Clinical Chemistry, 56, 1–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-394317-0.00015-7
Bessa, A. L., Oliveira, V. N., Agostini, G. G., Oliveira, R. J., Oliveira, A. C., White, G. E., Wells, G. D., Teixei-ra, D. N., & Espindola, F. S. (2016). Exercise intensity and recovery: Biomarkers of injury, in-flammation, and oxidative stress. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 30(2), 311–319. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e31828f1ee9
Buchheit, M. (2014). Monitoring training status with HR measures: Do all roads lead to Rome? Fron-tiers in Physiology, 5, 73. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2014.00073
Cao, W., He, Y., Fu, R., Chen, Y., Yu, J., & He, Z. (2025). A review of carbohydrate supplementation ap-proaches and strategies for optimizing performance in elite long-distance endurance. Nutri-ents, 17(5), 918. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17050918
Chuang, W. C., Chu, C. H., Yao, C. S., Wei, M.C., Hsieh, I.L., & Liao, C.M. (2025). The value of growth dif-ferentiation factor 15 as a biomarker for peripheral artery disease in diabetes patients. Dia-betology & Metabolic Syndrome, 17, 31. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13098-025-01588-w
de Assis, G. G., & Murawska-Ciałowicz, E. (2023). Exercise and weight management: The role of lep-tin—A systematic review and update of clinical data from 2000–2022. Journal of Clinical Medi-cine, 12(13), 4490. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12134490
de Lima e Silva, L. ., Rodrigues dos Santos, D. ., Rolim Lopes Silva, Y. ., Alonso Valente dos Santos, L. ., Spineti, J. ., Pereira Salustiano Mallen , G. C., Gomes de Souza Vale, R. ., & de Alkmim Moreira Nunes, R. . (2024). Biomarker response in professional football athletes after matches: a sys-tematic review. Retos, 59, 435-443. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v59.107323
Docherty, S., Harley, R., McAuley, J. J., Crowe, L.A.N., Pedret, C., Kirwan, P.D., Siebert, S., & Millar, N.L. (2022). The effect of exercise on cytokines: Implications for musculoskeletal health—A narra-tive review. BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation, 14, 5. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-022-00397-2
Friedman, J. M. (2011). Leptin and the regulation of body weight. Keio Journal of Medicine, 60(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.2302/kjm.60.1
Frühbeck, G., Catalán, V., Rodríguez, A., Ramírez, B., Becerril, S., Salvador, J., Colina, I., & Gómez-Ambrosi, J. (2019). Adiponectin-leptin ratio is a functional biomarker of adipose tissue inflam-mation. Nutrients, 11(2), 454. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11020454
Gleeson, M., Bishop, N. C., Stensel, D. J., Lindley, M. R., Mastana, S. S., & Nimmo, M. A. (2011). The anti-inflammatory effects of exercise: Mechanisms and implications for the prevention and treat-ment of disease. Nature Reviews Immunology, 11(9), 607–615. https://doi.org/10.1038/nri3041
Halson, S. L. (2014). Monitoring training load to understand fatigue in athletes. Sports Medicine, 44(Suppl 2), S139–S147. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-014-0253-z
Haller, N., Behringer, M., Reichel, T., Wahl, P., Simon, P., Krüger, K., Zimmer, P., & Stöggl, T. (2023). Blood-based biomarkers for managing workload in athletes: Considerations and recommenda-tions for evidence-based use of established biomarkers. Sports Medicine, 53, 1315–1333. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-023-01836-x
Herawati, L., Sari, G. M., Argarini, R., Irwadi, I., Wibowo, S., Wiriawan, O., Syaifudin, A., Pamungkas, Y., Handrito, R. P., Adi, S., Rahayuni, K., Azmy, U., & Safii, N. S. (2025). Profile of oxidative stress, inflammation, and muscle damage in professional athletes and recreational basketball players . Retos, 65, 235-245. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v65.111599
Jaspers, A., Brink, M. S., Probst, S. G. M., Frencken, W. G. P., & Helsen, W. F. (2017). Relationships be-tween training load indicators and training outcomes in professional soccer. Sports Medicine, 47, 533–544. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-016-0591-0
Karvinen, S., Sievänen, T., Karppinen, J. E., Hautasaari, P., Bart, G., Samoylenko, A., Vainio, S. J., Ahti-ainen, J. P., Laakkonen, E. K., & Kujala, U. M. (2020). MicroRNAs in extracellular vesicles in sweat change in response to endurance exercise. Frontiers in Physiology, 11, Article 676. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2020.00676
Lee, E. C., Fragala, M. S., Kavouras, S. A., Queen, R. M., Pryor, J. L., & Casa, D. J. (2017). Biomarkers in sports and exercise: Tracking health, performance, and recovery in athletes. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 31(10), 2920–2937. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000002122
Li, J., Hu, X., Xie, Z., Li, J., Huang, C., & Huang, Y. (2024). Overview of growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) in metabolic diseases. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 176, 116809. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116809
Lima, G. B., Figueiredo, N., Kattah, F. M., Oliveira, E. S., Horst, M. A., Dâmaso, A. R., Oyama, L. M., Whit-ton, R. G. M., de Souza, G. I. M. H., Lima, G. C., Mota, J. F., Campos, R. M. S., & Corgosinho, F. C. (2024). Serum fatty acids and inflammatory patterns in severe obesity: A preliminary investiga-tion in women. Biomedicines, 12(10), 2248. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12102248
Mallardo, M., D’Alleva, M., Lazzer, S., Giovanelli, N., Graniero, F., Billat, V., Fiori, F., Marinoni, M., Par-pinel, M., Daniele, A., & Nigro, E. (2023). Improvement of adiponectin in relation to physical performance and body composition in young obese males subjected to twenty-four weeks of training programs. Heliyon, 9(5), e15790. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15790
Mallardo, M., Tommasini, E., Missaglia, S., Pecci, C., Rampinini, E., Bosio, A., Morelli, A., Daniele, A., Nigro, E., & Tavian, D. (2024). Effects of exhaustive exercise on adiponectin and high-molecular-weight oligomer levels in male amateur athletes. Biomedicines, 12(8), 1743. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12081743
McFadden, B. A., Walker, A. J., Arent, M. A., Bozzini, B. N., Sanders, D. J., Cintineo, H. P., Bello, M. L., & Arent, S. M. (2020). Biomarkers correlate with body composition and performance changes throughout the season in women’s Division I collegiate soccer players. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 2, 74. https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2020.00074
Meeusen, R., Duclos, M., Foster, C., Fry, A., Gleeson, M., Nieman, D., Raglin, J., Rietjens, G., Steinacker, J., & Urhausen, A. (2013). Prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of the overtraining syndrome: Joint consensus statement of the European College of Sport Science and the American College of Sports Medicine. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 45(1), 186–205. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e318279a10a
Miller, G. D., Teramoto, M., Smeal, S. J., Cushman, D., & Eichner, D. (2019). Assessing serum albumin concentration following exercise-induced fluid shifts in the context of the athlete biological passport. Drug Testing and Analysis, 11(6), 782–791. https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.2571
Miloski, B., de Freitas, V. H., Nakamura, F. Y., de A Nogueira, F. C., & Bara-Filho, M. G. (2016). Seasonal training load distribution of professional futsal players: Effects on physical fitness, muscle damage and hormonal status. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 30(6), 1525–1533. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001270
Nana, A., Slater, G. J., Stewart, A. D., & Burke, L. M. (2015). Methodology review: Using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) for the assessment of body composition in athletes and active peo-ple. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 25(2), 198–215. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2013-0228
Page, M. J., McKenzie, J. E., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., ... & Moher, D. (2021). The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ, 372, n71. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n71
Peake, J. M., Neubauer, O., Della Gatta, P. A., & Nosaka, K. (2017). Muscle damage and inflammation during recovery from exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology, 122(3), 559–570. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00971.2016
Pérez-Pérez, A., Sánchez-Jiménez, F., Vilariño-García, T., & Sánchez-Margalet, V. (2020). Role of leptin in inflammation and vice versa. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21(16), 5887. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21165887
Plews, D. J., Laursen, P. B., Kilding, A. E., & Buchheit, M. (2012). Heart rate variability in elite triath-letes: Is variation in variability the key to effective training? A case comparison. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 112(11), 3729–3741. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-012-2354-4
Podgórski, T., Kryściak, J., Pluta, B., Adrian, J., Marynowicz, J., Krzykała, M., Konefal, M., Chmura, P., Chmura, J., & Andrzejewski, M. (2021). A practical approach to monitoring biomarkers of in-flammation and muscle damage in youth soccer players during a 6-month training cycle. Jour-nal of Human Kinetics, 80, 185–197. https://doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2021-0041
Saita, Y., Hattori, K., Hokari, A., Ohyama, T., Inoue, J., Nishimura, T., Nemoto, S., & Aoyagi, S. (2023). Plasma myoglobin indicates muscle damage associated with acceleration/deceleration during football. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 63(12), 1337–1342. https://doi.org/10.23736/S0022-4707.23.15203-0
Saw, A. E., Main, L. C., & Gastin, P. B. (2016). Monitoring the athlete training response: Subjective self-reported measures trump commonly used objective measures: A systematic review. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 50(5), 281–291. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2015-094758
Senkus, K. E., Crowe-White, K. M., Bolland, A. C., Locher, J.L., & Ard, J.D. (2022). Changes in adiponec-tin:leptin ratio among older adults with obesity following a 12-month exercise and diet inter-vention. Nutrition & Diabetes, 12, 30. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41387-022-00207-1
Slimani, M., Ghouili, H., Dhahbi, W., Farhani, Z., Ben Aissa, M., Souaifi, M., Guelmami, N., Dergaa, I., & Ben Ezzeddine, L. (2025). Position-specific biomarker responses to match vs. VAMEVAL test modalities in elite female soccer players: A comparative analysis study. Cogent Social Sciences, 11(1), 2447399. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2024.2447399
Soler-López, A., Moreno-Villanueva, A., Gómez-Carmona, C. D., & Pino-Ortega, J. (2024). The role of biomarkers in monitoring chronic fatigue among male professional team athletes: A systematic review. Sensors, 24(21), 6862. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24216862
Souglis, A., Bogdanis, G. C., Chryssanthopoulos, C., Apostolidis, N., & Geladas, N. D. (2018). Time course of oxidative stress, inflammation, and muscle damage markers for 5 days after a soccer match: Effects of sex and playing position. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 32(7), 2045–2054. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000002436
Tarabeih, N., Kalinkovich, A., Ashkenazi, S., Cherny, S. S., Shalata, A., & Livshits, G. (2024). Relation-ships between circulating biomarkers and body composition parameters in patients with meta-bolic syndrome: A community-based study. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 25(2), 881. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25020881
Tylutka, A., Morawin, B., Torz, N., Osmolska, J., Łuszczki, K., Jarmużek, P., &Lacny, A.Z. (2024). Associa-tion of adipose tissue inflammation and physical fitness in older adults. Immunity & Ageing, 21, 64. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12979-024-00468-7
Uchiyama, E., Kinoshita, N., & Okuyama, K. (2023). Tracking body composition change with weight loss by BIA and DXA in female adolescent runners: A validation study. Exercise, Sport, and Move-ment, 1(2), e00003. https://doi.org/10.1249/ESM.0000000000000003
Wahl, Y., Achtzehn, S., Schäfer Olstad, D., Mester, J., & Wahl, P. (2021). Training load measures and biomarker responses during a 7-day training camp in young cyclists: A pilot study. Medicina (Kaunas), 57(7), 673. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina57070673
Wang, L., Zhao, J., Schank, M., Hill, A. C., Banik, P., Zhang, Y., Wu, X. Y., Lightner, J. W., Ning, S., El Gaz-zar, M., Moorman, J. P., & Yao, Z. Q. (2024). Circulating GDF-15: A biomarker for metabolic dysregulation and aging in people living with HIV. Frontiers in Aging, 5, 1414866. https://doi.org/10.3389/fragi.2024.1414866
Wang, M., Yang, Y., Min, J., Song, Y., Tu, J., Mukasa, D., Ye, C., Xu, C., Heflin, N., McCune, J. S., Hsiai, T. K., Li, Z., & Gao, W. (2022). A wearable electrochemical biosensor for the monitoring of metabo-lites and nutrients. Nature Biomedical Engineering, 6(11), 1225–1235. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41551-022-00916-z
Yoshitake, R., Ogata, H., & Omi, N. (2024). Blood glucose levels during decathlon competition: An ob-servational study in timing of intake and competing time. Metabolites, 14(1), 47. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo14010047
Zouhal, H., Saeidi, A., Salhi, A., Li, H., Essop, M. F., Laher, I., Rhibi, F., Amani-Shalamzari, S., & Ben Ab-derrahman, A. (2020). Exercise training and fasting: Current insights. Open Access Journal of Sports Medicine, 11, 1–28. https://doi.org/10.2147/OAJSM.S224919
Descargas
Publicado
Número
Sección
Licencia
Derechos de autor 2025 Ramdan Pelana, Sri Agung Fitri Kusuma
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0.
Los autores que publican en esta revista están de acuerdo con los siguientes términos:
- Los autores conservan los derechos de autor y garantizan a la revista el derecho de ser la primera publicación de su obra, el cuál estará simultáneamente sujeto a la licencia de reconocimiento de Creative Commons que permite a terceros compartir la obra siempre que se indique su autor y su primera publicación esta revista.
- Los autores pueden establecer por separado acuerdos adicionales para la distribución no exclusiva de la versión de la obra publicada en la revista (por ejemplo, situarlo en un repositorio institucional o publicarlo en un libro), con un reconocimiento de su publicación inicial en esta revista.
- Se permite y se anima a los autores a difundir sus trabajos electrónicamente (por ejemplo, en repositorios institucionales o en su propio sitio web) antes y durante el proceso de envío, ya que puede dar lugar a intercambios productivos, así como a una citación más temprana y mayor de los trabajos publicados (Véase The Effect of Open Access) (en inglés).
Esta revista sigue la "open access policy" de BOAI (1), apoyando los derechos de los usuarios a "leer, descargar, copiar, distribuir, imprimir, buscar o enlazar los textos completos de los artículos".
(1) http://legacy.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/boaifaq.htm#openaccess
