Efecto de un programa de entrenamiento de 8 semanas sobre el reequilibrio de la asimetría funcional en futbolistas jóvenes
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v70.117056Palabras clave:
Asimetría, entrenamiento neuromuscular, déficit bilateral, test de equilibrio en y, asimetría entre extremidadesResumen
Antecedentes: Las asimetrías funcionales en futbolistas jóvenes representan limitaciones significativas en el rendimiento y factores de riesgo de lesión que requieren estrategias de intervención específicas. Los atletas jóvenes de élite presentan con frecuencia desequilibrios bilaterales en múltiples dominios neuromusculares.
Objetivo: Este estudio evaluó la eficacia de un programa de entrenamiento neuromuscular individualizado de 8 semanas para reducir las desalineaciones funcionales en futbolistas jóvenes de élite de diferentes categorías de edad (sub-16, sub-17, sub-18). Métodos: Esta intervención experimental de 8 semanas tuvo como objetivo reducir las asimetrías funcionales en el equilibrio, la fuerza unilateral y el rendimiento de salto en futbolistas jóvenes de élite. El programa, que se realizó de forma complementaria a su programa semanal habitual (cinco sesiones, de 8 a 10 horas de entrenamiento específico de fútbol + de 2 a 3 horas de fuerza y acondicionamiento), comprendió dos sesiones neuromusculares de 30 a 40 minutos por semana. Cada sesión incluyó cuatro bloques: activación y movilidad, fortalecimiento unilateral, pliometría y saltos a una pierna, y equilibrio y control postural. La progresión se aplicó sistemáticamente a través del aumento de la carga, la inestabilidad, la complejidad del movimiento y las exigencias específicas del fútbol, siguiendo el principio de sobrecarga progresiva. Las estrategias de individualización se centraron en la extremidad más débil cuando las diferencias interextremidades superaban el 10%, con ajustes basados en el RPE, las evaluaciones intermedias y finales.
Resultados. Se observaron reducciones significativas en las asimetrías funcionales en todas las variables y grupos de edad. Las asimetrías en la prueba de equilibrio en Y disminuyeron entre un 46% y un 60%, las asimetrías en la prueba de salto con una pierna se redujeron entre un 39% y un 46%, y las asimetrías en la fuerza del cuádriceps disminuyeron entre un 42% y un 47%. Los jugadores más jóvenes (sub-16) mostraron mejoras de mayor magnitud en comparación con los atletas de mayor edad. Existieron fuertes correlaciones entre las diferentes medidas de asimetría, lo que respalda los enfoques de evaluación multidimensional. Los tamaños del efecto variaron de moderados a grandes en todas las variables.
Conclusión. La intervención de entrenamiento neuromuscular individualizado redujo eficazmente las asimetrías funcionales en jugadores de fútbol americano jóvenes, con variaciones en la respuesta relacionadas con la edad que respaldan el diseño de un programa apropiado para el desarrollo, optimizando el rendimiento deportivo y la prevención de lesiones.
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