Efeito de um programa de treino de 8 semanas no reequilíbrio da assimetria funcional em jovens jogadores de futebol
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v70.117056Palavras-chave:
Assimetria, treino neuromuscular, défice bilateral, teste de equilíbrio y, assimetria entre membrosResumo
Contexto. As assimetrias funcionais em jovens jogadores de futebol representam limitações significativas no desempenho e fatores de risco para lesões, exigindo estratégias de intervenção direcionadas. Os jovens atletas de elite demonstram frequentemente desequilíbrios bilaterais em múltiplos domínios neuromusculares.
Objetivo. Este estudo avaliou a eficácia de um programa de treino neuromuscular individualizado de 8 semanas na redução das assimetrias funcionais entre jovens jogadores de futebol de elite em diferentes categorias etárias (Sub-16, Sub-17, Sub-18). Métodos. Esta intervenção experimental de 8 semanas teve como objetivo reduzir as assimetrias funcionais no equilíbrio, na força unilateral e no desempenho de salto entre jovens jogadores de futebol de elite. Realizado em complemento do programa semanal regular (cinco sessões, 8 a 10 horas de treino específico para futebol + 2 a 3 horas de força e condicionamento), o programa compreendeu duas sessões neuromusculares de 30 a 40 minutos por semana. Cada sessão incluiu quatro blocos: ativação e mobilidade, fortalecimento unilateral, pliometria e saltos unipodais, e equilíbrio e controlo postural. A progressão foi aplicada de forma sistemática através do aumento da carga, instabilidade, complexidade do movimento e exigências específicas do futebol, seguindo o princípio da sobrecarga progressiva. As estratégias de individualização foram dirigidas ao membro mais fraco quando as diferenças entre os membros ultrapassavam os 10%, com ajustes baseados nas avaliações do PSE, a meio do período e final.
Resultados. Foram observadas reduções significativas nas assimetrias funcionais em todas as variáveis e faixas etárias. As assimetrias no Teste de Equilíbrio em Y diminuíram 46% a 60%, as assimetrias no Teste Salto em Perna Única reduziram 39% a 46% e as assimetrias na força do quadríceps diminuíram 42% a 47%. Os jogadores mais jovens (Sub-16) demonstraram melhorias de maior magnitude em comparação com os atletas mais velhos. Fortes correlações existiram entre diferentes medidas de assimetria, suportando abordagens de avaliação multidimensionais. Os tamanhos de efeito variaram de moderados a grandes em todas as variáveis.
Conclusão. A intervenção de treino neuromuscular individualizado reduziu eficazmente as assimetrias funcionais em jovens jogadores de futebol americano, com variações de resposta relacionadas com a idade a apoiar o desenvolvimento de um programa apropriado para otimizar o desempenho atlético e a prevenção de lesões.
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