Comparación de los efectos inmunológicos y fisiológicos entre el entrenamiento por intervalos de alta intensidad y el entrenamiento continuo de intensidad moderada en adultos físicamente inactivos
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v70.115308Palabras clave:
Salud ósea, aptitud cardiorrespiratoria, entrenamiento físico, función inmunológicaResumen
Introducción: El Entrenamiento Interválico de Alta Intensidad (HIIT) y el Entrenamiento Continuo de Intensidad Moderada (MICT) son métodos de ejercicio eficaces para mejorar la condición física y la salud en personas sanas. Sin embargo, la investigación sobre su impacto en las respuestas inmunológicas y el metabolismo óseo en adultos físicamente inactivos es limitada.
Objetivo: Investigar los efectos del HIIT y el MICT sobre las respuestas inmunológicas, los marcadores del metabolismo óseo y ciertos parámetros fisiológicos en adultos físicamente inactivos.
Metodología: Treinta y seis adultos físicamente inactivos, de entre 18 y 35 años, fueron asignados aleatoriamente a los grupos de HIIT, MICT o control (n=12 en cada grupo). El grupo HIIT realizó 2 series de 6 a 8 repeticiones de 30 segundos de carrera al 85-95% de la frecuencia cardíaca máxima (FCmáx), tres veces por semana. El grupo MICT corrió durante 30 minutos al 55-70% de su FCmáx, también tres veces por semana, mientras que el grupo control no realizó ejercicio. Se tomaron muestras de consumo máximo de oxígeno (VO2máx), sangre y saliva antes y después de una intervención de 8 semanas.
Resultados: Tanto el HIIT como el MICT aumentaron significativamente los niveles de lisozima salival en comparación con los valores iniciales (p < 0.05), pero no se encontraron diferencias significativas entre los grupos (p > 0.05). Los recuentos totales de leucocitos y los marcadores del metabolismo óseo no mostraron cambios significativos entre los grupos. El consumo máximo de oxígeno mejoró únicamente en el grupo HIIT (p < 0.05).
Discusión: La mejora de la respuesta inmune después del HIIT y el MICT puede atribuirse a cambios hormonales resultantes de la producción de radicales libres durante el ejercicio extenuante.
Conclusiones: Tanto el HIIT como el MICT mejoran las respuestas inmunológicas sin afectar los marcadores del metabolismo óseo. El HIIT parece ser más efectivo que el MICT para mejorar el VO2 máx en adultos físicamente inactivos.
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